Lowest tertile (n=14) | Middle tertile (n=14) | Highest tertile (n=14) | P value* | |
Age (years) | 58.7 (9) | 56 (9) | 55.5 (8.5) | 0.6 |
Female sex (%) | 42.8 | 42.8 | 64.3 | 0.4 |
Race/ethnicity (%) | ||||
Non-Hispanic White | 42.8 | 71.4 | 35.7 | 0.1 |
African-American | 7.2 | 7.2 | 7.2 | 1 |
Asian | 0 | 0 | 0 | – |
Hispanic | 0 | 0 | 0 | – |
Other/not reported | 50 | 21.4 | 57.1 | 0.1 |
Diabetes duration (years) | 11.5 (8) | 11 (9) | 9 (7.3) | 0.6 |
Weight (kg) | 107.6 (20.3) | 107.4 (19.2) | 107.4 (24) | 0.9 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 36.5 (6.5) | 34.5 (4.5) | 37.4 (5.9) | 0.4 |
A1C (%) | 7.5 (1.0) | 8.0 (1.5) | 8.0 (1.6) | 0.6 |
Use of insulin therapy (%) | 42.9 | 35.7 | 57.1 | 0.5 |
Weight-adjusted insulin dose (units/kg/day)† | 0.49 (0.3) | 0.85 (0.4) | 0.44 (0.3) | 0.1 |
Other diabetes medications (%) | ||||
Metformin | 93 | 64 | 86 | 0.1 |
SFUs | 21 | 7 | 14 | 0.5 |
DPP-4 inhibitors | 0 | 0 | 14 | 0.1 |
SGLT-2 inhibitors | 50 | 79 | 57 | 0.3 |
GLP-1 analogs | 64 | 57 | 50 | 0.7 |
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 129 (15) | 129 (15) | 134 (17) | 0.6 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 77 (8) | 77 (7) | 79 (6) | 0.6 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 144 (21) | 164 (34) | 173 (40) | 0.08 |
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 74 (17) | 88 (33) | 88 (26) | 0.3 |
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 48 (12) | 46 (11) | 56 (16) | 0.1 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 113 (30) | 188 (226) | 150 (82) | 0.4 |
Data are mean (SD) or %.
*One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) or Pearson’s χ2 test.
†For insulin-treated subjects.
DPP, dipeptidyl peptidase; GLP, glucagon-like-peptide; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; SFU, sulfonylurea; SGLT, sodium-glucose transport proteins.