Mixed-effects models for change in cardiovascular disease risk factors during 10 years of follow-up from diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in children attending pediatric diabetes clinics in East London
| Covariates | BMI SDS | SBP SDS | DBP SDS | Total cholesterol | LDL-cholesterol | HDL-cholesterol | Triglycerides† |
| Mean difference in BMI SDS (95% CI) | Mean difference in SBP SDS (95% CI) | Mean difference in DBP SDS (95% CI) | Mean difference in TC mmol/L (95% CI) | Mean difference in LDL mmol/L (95% CI) | Mean difference in HDL mmol/L (95% CI) | Mean difference in triglycerides mmol/L (95% CI) | |
| Duration of diabetes | −0.01 −0.01 to 0.02) | 0.10(0.08to 0.12)* | 0.09(0.07to 0.11)* | 0.06(0.05to 0.1)*** | 0.02(0.01to 0.04)** | 0.03(0.02to 0.04)*** | 0.01 (−0.01 to 0.02) |
| Age at diagnosis (years) | −0.02 (−0.04 to 0.01) | 0.02 (−0.002 to 0.03) | 0.03 (0.02to 0.05)* | −0.01 (0.03 to 0.01) | −0.04 (−0.02 to 0.02) | −0.003 (−0.01 to 0.01) | 0.01 (−0.01 to 0.02) |
| Gender | |||||||
| Girl | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Boy | −0.04 (−0.23 to 0.14) | −0.09 (−0.22 to 0.05) | −0.06 (−0.18 to 0.05) | 0.06 (−0.2 to 0.1) | −0.08 (−0.22 to 0.05) | 0.03 (−0.04 to 0.10) | 0.04 (−0.05 to 0.12) |
| Ethnicity | |||||||
| White | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Mixed-ethnicity | 0.3 (−0.1 to 0.6) | −0.03 (−0.28 to 0.23) | −0.16 (−0.37 to 0.06) | −0.15 (−0.4 0.1) | −0.16 (−0.40 to 0.08) | 0.02 (−0.11 to 0.14) | 0.11 (−0.04 to 0.24) |
| Somali | 0.1 (−0.3 to 0.4) | −0.18 (−0.46 to 0.10) | −0.21 (−0.45 to 0.03) | −0.23 (−0.5 to 0.1) | −0.18 (−0.44 to 0.07) | 0.02 (−0.09 to 0.13) | 0.13 (−0.04 to 0.26) |
| Black | 0.6(0.3to 0.9)*** | 0.30 (0.09to 0.50)** | −0.09 (−0.27 to 0.08) | −0.15 (−0.4 to 0.1) | −0.08 (−0.28 to 0.13) | 0.01 (0.13 to 0.14) | 0.18 (0.06to 0.28)* |
| Bangladeshi | −0.3 (−0.6 to 0.1) | −0.15 (−0.37 to 0.08) | −0.08 (−0.28 to 0.11) | 0.38 (0.1to 0.6)** | 0.30 (−0.07to 0.52)* | 0.01 (0.11 to 0.12) | −0.07 (−0.19 to 0.09) |
| Asian | −0.1 (−0.4 to 0.1) | −0.02 (−0.21 to 0.18) | −0.04 (−0.20 to 0.13) | −0.04 (−0.3 to 0.2) | −0.02 (−0.22 to 0.18) | −0.06 (−0.16 to 0.04) | −0.04 (−0.19 to 0.09) |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | −0.007(−(0.008to −0.007) *** | −0.0001 (−0.002 to 0.002) | −0.001 (−0.001 to 0.002) | 0.009(0.006to 0.010)*** | 0.004 (0.002to 0.006)*** | −0.01 (−0.02 to 0.01) | −0.006(−0.008to −0.004)*** |
| N | 537 | 439 | 439 | 367 | 356 | 361 | 358 |
| n measures/child | 11 (1 to 36) | 8 (1 to 33) | 8 (1 to 33) | 3 (1 to 11) | 3 (1 to 11) | 3 (1 to 11) | 3 (1 to 11) |
All models adjusted for age at diagnosis, gender, ethnicity, diabetes clinic and HbA1c.
Statsistical significance highlighted in bold: *P<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001
†Expononential of logged outcomes, expressed as percentage change from baseline.
BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SDS, SD score.