Table 3

Crude and adjusted risk for ESKD, CVD, and all-cause death, according to the severity scale of diabetic retinopathy, among patients with diabetic retinopathy, as compared with patients with no diabetic retinopathy

ESKDCVDAll-cause death
Model Mild NPDR Moderate NPDR Severe NPDR PDR Mild NPDR Moderate NPDR Severe NPDR PDR Mild NPDR Moderate NPDR Severe NPDR PDR
11.35
(0.49 to 3.76)
p=0.57		2.89
(1.42 to 5.86)
p=0.003		5.00
(2.63 to 9.52)
p<0.001		5.32
(2.89 to 9.78)
p<0.001		1.17
(0.31 to 4.39)
p=0.81		2.26
(0.93 to 5.52)
p=0.072		1.22
(0.47 to 3.19)
p=0.69		1.55
(0.67 to 3.60)
p=0.31		1.44
(0.55 to 3.77)
p=0.46		0.50
(0.16 to 1.53)
p=0.22		0.84
(0.36 to 1.96)
p=0.69		0.60
(0.26 to 1.39)
p=0.23
21.53
(0.53 to 4.37)
p=0.43		3.12
(1.49 to 6.58)
p=0.003		6.15
(3.11 to 12.18)
p<0.001		5.97
(3.20 to 11.14)
p<0.001		1.40
(0.36 to 5.40)
p=0.63		2.03
(0.81 to 5.13)
p=0.13		1.55
(0.57 to 4.17)
p=0.39		1.99
(0.84 to 4.69)
p=0.12		0.67
(0.24 to 1.87)
p=0.44		0.27
(0.09 to 0.85)
p=0.025		0.74
(0.31 to 1.78)
p=0.50		1.03
(0.42 to 2.53)
p=0.96
31.96
(0.62 to 6.17)
p=0.25		3.10
(1.45 to 6.65)
p=0.004		3.03
(1.44 to 6.37)
p=0.003		3.43
(1.68 to 7.03)
p=0.001		1.58
(0.39 to 6.32)
p=0.52		2.36
(0.89 to 6.26)
p=0.085		2.01
(0.65 to 6.23)
p=0.23		2.43
(0.92 to 6.43)
p=0.073		0.57
(0.18 to 1.79)
p=0.34		0.23
(0.07 to 0.74)
p=0.014		0.50
(0.18 to 1.42)
p=0.20		0.76
(0.28 to 2.04)
p=0.59

  • HR (95% CI) and p values were determined for demographic and laboratory characteristics by univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazard models.

  • Model 1: univariable (no diabetic retinopathy as reference).

  • Model 2: adjusted for demographic characteristics (age, gender, BMI, diabetic duration, ever having smoked, and systolic blood pressure).

  • Model 3: model 2 + adjusted for laboratory characteristics (hemoglobin A1c, triglycerides, eGFR, and UACR).

  • BMI, body mass index; CVD, cardiovascular disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ESKD, end-stage kidney disease; NPDR, non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy; PDR, proliferative diabetic retinopathy; UACR, urine albumin to creatinine ratio.