Table 2

Antidiabetic medication class and diagnoses in women and pregnancies in three ADM use patterns presented by country

AustraliaDenmarkFinlandIcelandNorwaySwedenUS MAXUS MarketScan
Continuous (%)Discontinued (%)Late pregnancy (%)Continuous (%)Discontinued (%)Late pregnancy (%)Continuous (%)Discontinued (%)Late pregnancy (%)Continuous (%)Discontinued (%)Late pregnancy (%)Continuous (%)Discontinued (%)Late pregnancy (%)Continuous (%)Discontinued (%)Late pregnancy (%)Continuous (%)Discontinued (%)Late pregnancy (%)Continuous (%)Discontinued (%)Late pregnancy (%)
ADM class
 Insulin only46.810.890.775.91.197.072.53.560.154.41.795.371.24.780.686.610.096.670.26.746.730.21.833.6
 Biguanides only *2.081.37.08.198.11.97.993.926.619.696.02.710.693.115.01.486.82.111.050.35.528.593.06.1
 Other ADM only †1.40.70.30.00.30.80.20.64.20.00.60.00.30.70.10.01.10.16.112.238.22.41.652.1
 Mixed ADM ‡49.86.52.016.00.60.419.52.09.126.01.71.917.81.54.312.02.01.212.730.89.539.03.78.2
Recorded diagnoses§
 Pregestational diabetes56.811.14.680.84.018.782.94.11.457.90.74.681.76.814.689.810.58.963.818.83.041.83.91.9
 GDM23.811.977.71.76.251.20.00.084.028.79.191.68.28.178.522.47.191.91.80.486.745.424.096.2
 InfertilityN/AN/AN/A0.91.90.20.10.10.0N/AN/AN/A0.21.40.215.156.215.71.15.70.622.540.512.3
 PCOSN/AN/AN/A8.336.36.10.20.40.113.58.82.57.830.73.33.021.73.23.321.60.535.662.37.4
  • Continuous ADM use was defined as at least one ADM dispensation in the 90 days before pregnancy or in trimester 1 and at least one dispensation in trimester 2 or 3.

  • Discontinued ADM use in prepregnancy and early pregnancy was defined as having at least one dispensation in the 90 days before pregnancy or in trimester 1 with no further dispensations.

  • Late pregnancy ADM initiation was defined as a first ADM dispensation in trimester 2 or 3.

  • *Within the biguanide ADM class, metformin was almost exclusively dispensed.

  • †Within the other ADM category, glibenclamide was almost exclusively dispensed.

  • Mixed ADM was defined as dispensations of more than one class of ADM in the same pregnancy period.

  • §Pre-existing diabetes category combines type 1 and type 2 diabetes diagnoses. The row percentages may add to more than 100% due to the individual receiving more than one type of diabetes diagnosis. Diagnoses should be interpreted with caution due to the likelihood of misclassification of recorded diagnosis.

  • ADM, antidiabetic medication; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus;MAX, Medicaid Analytic eXtract; N/A, data not available; PCOS, polycystic ovary syndrome.