Table 1

Characteristics of the study participants

Variables	All participants (n=1976)	Non-GDM (n=1478)	GDM (n=498)	P value
Maternal characteristics
Age, years	30.7±4.29	30.5±4.21	31.3±4.45	<0.001
Body mass index at 24–28 weeks, kg/m²	27.4±2.73	27.2±2.57	28.1±3.07	<0.001
No of pregnancies, %				0.981
1	47.5	48.6	44.2
2	26.3	26.3	26.3
≥3	26.2	25.1	29.5
Parity, %				0.544
0	68.8	69.3	67.5
1	29.3	28.9	30.3
≥2	1.9	1.8	2.2
FPG, mmol/L	4.41±0.58	4.33±0.52	4.64±0.67	<0.001
1hPG, mmol/L	8.28±1.70	8.15±1.65	8.63±1.80	<0.001
2hPG, mmol/L	6.80±1.76	6.68±1.70	7.12±1.88	<0.001
HbA1c, %	5.0±0.4	5.0±0.4	5.1±0.5	<0.001
1.5-AG, µg/mL	1.78±1.00	1.90±1.00	1.42±0.90	0.002
Postpartum hemorrhage, mL	324±181	318±144	343±258	0.006
Newborn
Birth weight, g	3373±553	3336±328	3479±923	<0.001
Birth length, cm	49.8±1.35	49.8±0.51	49.7±2.49	0.033
Gestational age at delivery, weeks	39.0±1.71	39.1±1.63	38.7±1.89	<0.001
Apgar score	9.96±0.37	9.96±0.37	9.95±0.38	0.722
Boys, %	53.4	53.3	53.8	0.847
Preterm delivery, %	10.2	8.53	15.3	<0.001
Birth weight >90th percentile, %	14.1	12.0	20.3	<0.001
Obstetric outcomes
Primary cesarean section, %	29.8	28.5	33.5	0.036
Pre-eclampsia, %	2.9	2.4	4.4	0.016