ORs of total and individual adverse pregnancy outcome by different combinations of glycemic markers
| Glycemic markers | All outcomes | Preterm delivery | Birth weight >90th percentile | Primary cesarean section | Pre-eclampsia | |
| 1 | FPG | 2.32 (1.86–2.90) | 1.62 (1.19–2.20) | 3.09 (2.29–4.16) | 1.39 (1.11–1.75) | 0.97 (0.51–1.87) |
| 1hPG | 1.03 (0.97–1.10) | 1.00 (0.89–1.12) | 1.03 (0.93–1.14) | 1.00 (0.92–1.08) | 1.17 (0.93–1.47) | |
| 2 | FPG | 2.35 (1.89–2.92) | 1.78 (1.33–2.36) | 2.95 (2.26–3.85) | 1.43 (1.16–1.77) | 1.23 (0.68–2.24) |
| 2hPG | 1.03 (0.97–1.09) | 1.03 (0.94–1.13) | 1.02 (0.95–1.11) | 0.99 (0.94–1.06) | 1.11 (0.93–1.34) | |
| 3 | FPG | 2.25 (1.80–2.82) | 1.75 (1.29–2.37) | 2.69 (2.03–3.56) | 1.40 (1.12–1.75) | 0.80 (0.42–1.50) |
| HbA1c | 1.28 (0.95–1.72) | 1.16 (0.74–1.810) | 1.45 (0.97–2.16) | 1.07 (0.78–1.47) | 5.08 (2.18–11.8) | |
| 4 | FPG | 2.32 (1.87–2.86) | 1.80 (1.37–2.35) | 2.93 (2.28–3.79) | 1.37 (1.12–1.68) | 1.49 (0.86–2.59) |
| 1,5-AG | 0.97 (0.94–0.99) | 0.98 (0.95–1.02) | 0.98 (0.94–1.01) | 0.97 (0.94–0.99) | 1.02 (0.95–1.09) | |
| 5 | FPG | 2.32 (1.85–2.90) | 1.61 (1.19–2.20) | 3.10 (2.30–4.18) | 1.39 (1.10–1.75) | 0.97 (0.50–1.88) |
| 1hPG | 1.02 (0.94–1.10) | 1.01 (0.89–1.15) | 1.01 (0.90–1.13) | 1.00 (0.92–1.10) | 1.20 (0.92–1.56) | |
| 2hPG | 1.02 (0.95–1.10) | 0.98 (0.87–1.10) | 1.04 (0.94–1.16) | 0.98 (0.90–1.07) | 0.95 (0.74–1.22) | |
| 6 | FPG | 2.19 (1.73–2.77) | 1.55 (1.11–2.17) | 2.80 (2.04–3.86) | 1.36 (1.06–1.74) | 0.59 (0.28–1.22) |
| 1hPG | 1.02 (0.94–1.10) | 1.01 (0.89–1.15) | 1.00 (0.89–1.12) | 1.00 (0.92–1.10) | 1.19 (0.92–1.55) | |
| 2hPG | 1.01 (0.94–1.09) | 0.97 (0.86–1.09) | 1.03 (0.92–1.15) | 0.98 (0.90–1.07) | 0.87 (0.68–1.12) | |
| HbA1c | 1.25 (0.93–1.69) | 1.15 (0.73–1.82) | 1.43 (0.95–2.15) | 1.08 (0.78–1.49) | 5.13 (2.10–12.5) | |
| 7 | FPG | 2.16 (1.70–2.74) | 1.55 (1.11–2.16) | 2.79 (2.02–3.83) | 1.34 (1.05–1.72) | 0.61 (0.29–1.26) |
| 1hPG | 1.01 (0.94–1.10) | 1.01 (0.89–1.14) | 1.00 (0.89–1.12) | 1.00 (0.92–1.09) | 1.19 (0.91–1.55) | |
| 2hPG | 0.99 (0.93–1.08) | 0.97 (0.86–1.09) | 1.02 (0.92–1.14) | 0.97 (0.89–1.05) | 0.89 (0.69–1.15) | |
| HbA1c | 1.21 (0.90–1.64) | 1.14 (0.72–1.80) | 1.39 (0.92–2.10) | 1.04 (0.76–1.44) | 5.38 (2.19–13.2) | |
| 1,5-AG | 0.97 (0.94–0.99) | 0.99 (0.95–1.03) | 0.98 (0.95–1.01) | 0.97 (0.94–0.99) | 1.05 (0.97–1.13) |
All analyses adjusted for age, body mass index, family history of diabetes, gestational complications, gestational age at oral glucose tolerance test, infant’s sex and parities, as well as all glycemic markers included in the combinations.
FPG, fasting plasma glucose.