Basal characteristics of subjects
| NGT (n=48) | Pre-diabetes (n=53) | T2DM (n=89) | P value | |
| Age (years) | 57.8±7.5 | 57.6±10.4 | 56.4±9.3 | 0.606 |
| Male:female | 19:29 | 38:15 | 62:27 | 0.001 |
| WC (cm) | 88.5±8.8 | 89.7±6.0 | 89.7±8.0 | 0.813 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.1±2.8 | 25.4±2.9* | 25.5±2.6† | 0.016 |
| SBP (mm Hg) | 124.5±11.6 | 128.1±15.6 | 127.7±13.0 | 0.353 |
| DBP (mm Hg) | 76.8±8.2 | 77.3±11.0 | 79.0±10.4 | 0.418 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 214.6±30.5 | 212.8±41.1 | 211.5±47.7 | 0.718 |
| TG (mg/dL) | 137.3±78.3 | 165.7±104.1 | 233.6±280.9† | 0.028 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 55.4±13.2 | 50.1±11.4 | 48.9±9.2† | 0.023 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 118.8±26.5 | 122.2±35.6 | 113.4±32.0 | 0.312 |
| AST (IU/L) | 23.8±8.2 | 25.5±11.8 | 24.9±11.0 | 0.712 |
| ALT (IU/L) | 27.0±22.1 | 31.0±19.2 | 32.7±20.9 | 0.079 |
| FPG (mg/dL) | 92.1±5.4 | 110.5±8.5* | 146.9±44.2†‡ | <0.001 |
| PP2 (mg/dL) | 134.5±31.6 | 145.5±29.6 | 277.0±87.8†‡ | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.7±0.3 | 6.0±0.4* | 7.3±1.4†‡ | <0.001 |
| Fasting insulin (μIU/mL) | 8.5±3.1 | 11.9±5.1* | 11.2±4.7† | 0.003 |
| Fasting C peptide (ng/mL) | 1.4±0.5 | 2.2±0.9* | 2.2±0.9† | <0.001 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.9±0.7 | 3.3±1.4* | 4.1±2.1† | <0.001 |
| Matsuda index | 5.8±1.9 | 4.3±1.9* | 4.1±1.9† | 0.002 |
| FGF21 (pg/mL) | 102.2±90.6 | 114.7±107.5 | 161.2±152.2† | 0.041 |
Data are presented as mean±SD.
*NGT versus pre-diabetes.
†NGT versus type 2 diabetes.
‡Pre-diabetes versus type 2 diabetes.
ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate transaminase; BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FGF21, fibroblast growth factor 21; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; NGT, normal glucose tolerance; PP2, postprandial 2-hour glucose; SBP, systolic blood pressure; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; TG, triglyceride; WC, waist circumference.