Biomarkers for which differences in mean levels were found between patients with diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy (DSPN+, n=304; PROPANE study) and participants from the KORA F4 study without DSPN (DSPN−, n=158) and those with normal glucose tolerance (NGT, n=354)
| Biomarkers | NGT | DSPN− | DSPN+ | P value* |
| Cytokines | ||||
| Oncostatin M | 4.83±0.62 | 5.06±0.63 | 4.35±0.75†‡ | 4.9×10−25 |
| TNFSF10 (TRAIL) | 8.12±0.30 | 8.08±0.33 | 7.90±0.41†‡ | 8.6×10−16 |
| TNFSF12 (TWEAK) | 9.45±0.29 | 9.30±0.32 | 9.06±0.35†‡ | 2.7×10−42 |
| TNFSF14 (LIGHT) | 5.61±0.53 | 5.65±0.55 | 4.90±0.77†‡ | 2.2×10−40 |
| Chemokines | ||||
| CCL4 (MIP-1β) | 8.18±0.57 | 8.36±0.64 | 7.93±0.68†‡ | 8.4×10−14 |
| CCL8 (MCP-2) | 9.50±0.77 | 9.47±0.72 | 9.21±0.77†‡ | 3.0×10−8 |
| CCL20 (MIP-3α) | 4.91±1.18 | 5.24±1.11 | 5.79±1.23†‡ | 5.0×10−25 |
| CCL28 (MEC) | 1.56±0.38 | 1.57±0.44 | 1.29±0.34†‡ | 2.4×10−21 |
| CXCL1 (MGSA-α) | 9.42±0.48 | 9.49±0.47 | 9.27±0.65†‡ | 3.3×10−5 |
| CXCL11 (I-TAC) | 7.89±0.78 | 7.99±0.61 | 7.46±0.78†‡ | 6.4×10−18 |
| Growth factors | ||||
| HGF | 8.52±0.36 | 8.79±0.40† | 8.42±0.41†‡ | 2.3×10−18 |
| TGF-α | 4.51±0.51 | 4.64±0.56 | 3.91±0.51†‡ | 3.6×10−49 |
| LAP-TGFβ1 | 7.89±0.53 | 7.99±0.33 | 7.46±0.40†‡ | 2.6×10−52 |
| Neurotrophin-3 | 1.03±0.34 | 1.00±0.33 | 0.87 ± 0.40†‡ | 6.4×10−13 |
| Receptors | ||||
| TNFRSF5 (CD40) | 10.25±0.33 | 10.30±0.43 | 10.15±0.46†‡ | 5.1×10−7 |
| DNER | 8.33±0.23 | 8.28±0.26 | 8.14±0.30†‡ | 1.5×10−17 |
| Miscellaneous | ||||
| AXIN1 | 1.55±0.47 | 1.61±0.54 | 1.34±0.48†‡ | 5.7×10−12 |
| MMP1 | 14.43±0.75 | 14.44±0.74 | 14.06±0.92†‡ | 2.7×10−8 |
Data are expressed as mean±SD (the unit is normalized protein expression (NPX) which is comparable in its distribution to log2-transformed protein concentration).
*Kruskal-Wallis test with Bonferroni correction (p<2.35×10−4).
†P<0.05 versus NGT group.
‡P<0.05 versus DSPN− group after adjustment for sex, age, body mass index (BMI), HbA1c, and smoking (NGT vs DSPN groups) or sex, age, BMI, HbA1c, smoking, and diabetes duration (DSPN− vs DSPN+).
CCL, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand; CD, cluster of differentiation; CXCL, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand; DNER, delta and Notch-like epidermal growth factor-related receptor; HGF, hepatocyte growth factor; I-TAC, interferon-inducible T-cell alpha chemoattractant; KORA, Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg; LAP-TGFβ1, latency-associated peptide transforming growth factor beta 1; LIGHT, homologous to lymphotoxin, exhibits inducible expression and competes with HSV glycoprotein D for binding to herpesvirus entry mediator, a receptor expressed on T lymphocytes; MCP-2, monocyte chemoattractant protein 2; MEC, mucosae-associated epithelial chemokine; MGSA-α, melanoma growth-stimulating activity alpha; MIP, macrophage inflammatory protein; MMP1, matrix metalloproteinase-1; PROPANE, Probing the Role of Sodium Channels in Painful Neuropathy Study; TGF-α, transforming growth factor alpha; TNFRSF5, tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily 5; TNFSF12, tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 12; TNFSF14, tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 14; TRAIL, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand; TWEAK, TNF-related weak inducer of apoptosis.