Glycemic and cost outcomes at 1 year postindex among matched patients with complete cost data
| Dulaglutide initiators (n=523) | Basal insulin initiators (n=523) | P value* | |
| HbA1c test results, mean (SD) | |||
| Baseline (%) | 8.66 (1.61) | 8.68 (1.63) | 0.872 |
| 1 year (%) | 7.51 (1.52) | 8.12 (1.64) | <0.001 |
| 1 year change in HbA1c, mean (SD) | −1.16 (1.53) | −0.56 (1.85) | <0.001 |
| Costs, mean (SD) | |||
| All-cause medical | $7165 ($13,289) | $12 268 ($36,969) | 0.003 |
| All-cause pharmacy | $13 318 ($9,265) | $9450 ($8,945) | <0.001 |
| All-cause total | $20 483 ($16,638) | $21 718 ($38,570) | 0.502 |
| Diabetes-related medical | $3753 ($9,111) | $7604 ($24,234) | 0.001 |
| Diabetes-related pharmacy | $9809 ($5,235) | $6175 ($5,231) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes-related total | $13 562 ($10,261) | $13 779 ($24,728) | 0.852 |
| Costs per 1% HbA1c reduction, mean (SE) | |||
| All-cause medical | $5971 ($649) | $20 447 ($4,499) | 0.005 |
| All-cause pharmacy | $11 098 ($739) | $15 750 ($2,707) | 0.049 |
| All-cause total | $17 069 ($1,235) | $36 197 ($6,701) | 0.009 |
| Diabetes-related medical | $3128 ($399) | $12 673 ($2,825) | 0.004 |
| Diabetes-related pharmacy | $8174 ($504) | $10 292 ($1,768) | 0.149 |
| Diabetes-related total | $11 302 ($752) | $22 965 ($4,125) | 0.009 |
*P values for HbA1c and costs were obtained by t-tests. For costs, p values were also obtained from generalized linear model (GLM) regressions with log link and γ distribution and with cohort as independent variable; results were similar to the t-test results. SE of the mean for cost per 1% HbA1c reduction were obtained by the bootstrapping method with 5000 replications. P values for comparing cost per 1% HbA1c reduction among patients initiating dulaglutide versus basal insulin were obtained through t-tests using means and bootstrapped SEs.
SD, standard deviation; SE, standard error.