*Patients were matched using propensity scores. Exact matching was also applied on categories of baseline HbA1c and whether a patient had complete costs. Propensity scores were calculated via logistic regression using the covariates age (continuous as well as age ≥65 vs age <65), gender, geographic location, Affordable Care Act exchange coverage, health plan type and prescribing healthcare provider specialty (endocrinologist vs PCP vs others/missing) on the index date; and aDCSI (continuous and categorical), presence of cardiovascular disease, presence of obesity, presence of peripheral vascular disorders, presence of renal diseases, presence of retinopathy, presence of cerebrovascular disease, presence of neuropathy, presence and number of endocrinologist visits, presence of all-cause inpatient hospitalization, presence of all-cause ER visit, all-cause hospitalization LOS, number of diabetes-related prescription drug fills, presence of OAD fills, number of OAD medication classes (continuous and categorical), presence of metformin, sulfonylureas, SGLT2 inhibitors, diabetes supplies, HbA1c results, and all-cause total medical costs (<100K vs 100K to <200K vs 200K to <500K vs ≥500K) during the baseline period.

†Standardized differences: absolute standardized differences of ≤0.10 were considered to denote balance in baseline characteristics between the cohorts. All p values >0.05.

ACA, Affordable Care Act; aDCSI, adapted Diabetes Complications Severity Index; CDHP, consumer-driven health plan; DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4; ER, emergency room; HCP, healthcare provider; HMO, health maintenance organization; LOS, length of stay; OAD, oral antidiabetic drug; PCP, primary care physician; PPO, preferred provider organization; SGLT2, sodium-glucose co-transporter-2.