Characteristics of the included studies
| Study characteristics | Intervention process (I) | Outcomes (o) | ||||||||||||||||
| Author | Country | Diabetes type | Ethnicity | Age range | Sample size (n) | Mindfulness principle | Intervention forms | Intervention setting | Interventionist | Intervention duration/frequency | Home practice | Control group intervention contents | Assessment instrument | Effects assessment | ||||
| Intervention group age | Control group age | Intervention group | Control group | T1 | T2 | T3 | ||||||||||||
| van Son et al35 | Netherlands | T1D and T2D | NR | 56 (13) | 57 (13) | 70 | 69 | MBCT | Group intervention | NR | Psychologist | 8-week sessions, 2-hour session and a booster 2-hour session after 3 months’ intervention | 30 min per day/5 days per week after 8 weeks’ intervention | Behavioral activation and cognitive restructuring | PAID-20 | Baseline/preintervention MBCT: 35.5 (17.8) CAU: 36.6 (18.9) | Postintervention MBCT: 28.7 (21) CAU: 33.5 (22) | 6-month follow-up MBCT: 25 (19.7) CAU: 32.8 (20.1) |
| Schroevers et al36 | Netherlands | T1D and T2D | NR | 54.9 (10.3) | 55.9 (8.2) | 12 | 12 | MBCT | Individual intervention | Hospital | Psychologist | 8-week sessions/60 min | 3 days/week/7 weeks | Behavioral activation and cognitive restructuring | PAID-20 | Baseline/preintervention MBCT: 41.6 (15.2) CAU: 39.0 (16.8) | Postintervention MBCT: 19.3 (14.3) CAU: 35.8 (16.3) | 3-month follow-up MBCT: 23.1 (15.2) CAU: not measured |
| Tovote et al37 | Netherlands | T1D and T2D | NR | 49.8 (13.3) | 54.6 (11.3) | 45 | 46 | MBCT | Individual intervention | Hospital | Psychologist | 8-week sessions/45–60 min per week | 30 min per day | Behavioral activation and cognitive restructuring | PAID-20 | Baseline/preintervention MBCT: 37.7 (20.5) CBT: 39.8 (22.3) | Postintervention MBCT: 32.7 (21.3) CBT: 32.4 (21.9) | 3-month follow-up MBCT: 31.6 (18.8) CBT: 29.7 (18.5) |
| Jung et al30 | South Korea | T2D | NR | 67.0 (9.13) | 68.47 (6.17) | 28 | 28 | MBSR | Group intervention | Community and hospital | NR | 8-week sessions/1–2 times a week | NR | Patient education, such as diet, exercise, stress management, foot care; walking exercise | DDS-17 | Baseline/preintervention MBSR: 54.3 (13) Walking: 48.78 (15.94) Education: 56.82 (11.61) | Postintervention MBSR: 53.62 (11.53) Walking: 45.44 (19.86) Education: 58.94 (13.76) | |
| Friis et al38 | New Zealand | T1D and T2D | 73% New Zealand European, 1.6% Maori, 7.9% Asian, 4.8% other Pacific, 12.7% other European | 42.16 (14.70) | 46.55 (16.44) | 32 | 31 | NR | Group intervention | Hospital | Psychologist | 8 weeks 2.5-hour session | NR | Received medical treatment as usual | DDS-17 | Baseline/preintervention MSC: 3.16 (0.88) CAU: 2.35 (0.63) | Postintervention MSC: 2.33 (0.86) CAU: 2.29 (0.85) | 3 months after intervention MSC: 2.1 (0.84) CAU: 2.1 (0.89) |
| LeiTen39 | China | T2D | Yellow | 53.2 (5.1) | 52.3 (5.5) | 42 | 42 | MBSR | Group intervention | Hospital | NR | 8-week sessions/45 min per week | NR | Care as usual | DDS-17 | Baseline/preintervention MBSR: 2.58 (0.68) CAU: 2.57 (0.72) | Postintervention MBSR: 2.12 (0.63) CAU: 2.43 (0.67) | |
| Pearson et al40 | Australia | T2D | NR | 57.5 (12.9) | 61.1 (11.8) | 38 | 36 | NR | Individual intervention | Home | Audio material | 8-week sessions/30 min per day | NR | NR | PAID-20 | Baseline/preintervention MBSR: 19.2 (14.7) CAU: 15.2 (14.6) | Postintervention MBSR: 21.2 (22.5) CAU: 12.2 (12.6) | 3-month follow-up MBSR: 11.8 (14.7) CAU: 12.5 (13.1) |
| Yang et al41 | China | T2D | Yellow | 56.55 (5.39) | 56.20 (5.32) | 45 | 45 | NR | Group intervention | Hospital | Clinical care providers and psychologists | 2-week sessions/3 times per week/2.5–3 hours per time | 3 times/30 min | Care as usual | DDS-17 | Baseline/preintervention MBCT: 2.42 (0.24) CAU: 2.41 (0.26) | Postintervention MBCT: 1.81 (0.40) CAU: 2.07 (0.24) | |
CAU, care as usual; CBT, cognitive behavioral therapy; DDS-17, Diabetes Distress Scale-17; MBCT, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy; MBSR, mindfulness-based stress reduction; MSC, mindfulness-based self-compassion; NR, not report; PAID-20, Problem Areas in Diabetes Scale-20.