Characteristics of subjects with type 2 diabetes according to the calcium score
| Calcium score <400 n=137 | Calcium score ≥400 n=41 | P value | |
| Sex (woman) (n, %) | 85 (62.04%) | 18 (43.90%) | 0.039 |
| Age (years) | 64.83±6.69 | 68.24±4.83 | 0.002 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 30.01±5.02 | 31.42±4.62 | 0.11 |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 13.60±9.17 | 16.54±9.36 | 0.075 |
| Waist circumference | 102.87±13.81 | 108.07±12.86 | 0.034 |
| Smoking | 0.69 | ||
| No | 76 (55.47%) | 19 (46.34%) | |
| Current smoker | 20 (14.60%) | 5 (12.20%) | |
| Ex-smoker (n, %) | 41 (29.93%) | 17 (41.46%) | |
| Hypertension (n, %) | 94 (68.61%) | 33 (80.49%) | 0.14 |
| Dyslipidemia (n, %) | 110 (80.29%) | 32 (78.05%) | 0.75 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.41±1.21 | 7.42±1.08 | 0.97 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 57.58±13.26 | 57.64±11.8 | |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.79±0.96 | 4.74±0.84 | 0.77 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.31±0.32 | 1.2±0.29 | 0.051 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.72±0.81 | 2.72±0.70 | 0.97 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.47 (0.64–5.68) | 1.78 (0.64–4.55) | 0.14 |
| Homocysteine (µmol/L) | 10.9 (5.8–37.6) | 14 (6.3–127) | 0.005 |
| Lipoprotein (a) (mg/dL) | 8.93 (1–162.9) | 6.89 (1–129) | 0.64 |
| GFR (mL/min) | 82.32±16.66 | 79.37±16.35 | 0.32 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.82±0.36 | 0.87±0.24 | 0.45 |
| Albumin/:creatinine ratio | |||
| <30 mg/g (n, %) | 88 (64.71%) | 27 (65.85%) | 0.37 |
| 30–300 mg/g (n, %) | 41 (30.37%) | 10 (24.39%) | |
| >300 mg/g (n, %) | 6 (4.44%) | 4 (9.76%) | |
| Log albumin:creatinine ratio | 1.28±0.64 | 1.37±0.72 | 0.45 |
| Retinopathy (n, %) | 27 (22.13%) | 17 (39.02%) | 0.014 |
| NPDR | 26 | 16 | |
| Mild | 14 | 8 | |
| Moderate | 7 | 8 | |
| Severe | 5 | 0 | |
| PDR | 4 | 1 | |
| Neuropathy (n, %) | 21 (15.33%) | 11 (26.83%) | 0.09 |
Data are expressed as %, mean±SD, or median and (range).
BMI, body mass index; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; NPDR, non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy; PDR, proliferative diabetic retinopathy.