Prevalence and trends in the use of individual vitamins, minerals, and common MVMM components among US adults aged 20 years or older with diabetes from 1999 to 2014* †
| 30-day prevalence of dietary supplement use, Weighted % (Weighted 95% CI)‡ | P value for trend | 2013–2014 vs 1999–2000 | |||||||||
| 1999–2000 (n=577) | 2001–2002 (n=631) | 2003–2004 (n=656) | 2005–2006 (n=687) | 2007–2008 (n=1089) | 2009–2010 (n=1072) | 2011–2012 (n=985) | 2013–2014 (n=991) | Ratio | Difference | ||
| Increasedsupplementuse† | |||||||||||
| Choline | 2.8 (1.3 to 4.3) | 1.5 (0.6 to 2.4) | n/a | 3.5 (1.7 to 5.4) | n/a | 3.7 (2.0 to 5.3) | 3.4 (1.5 to 5.3) | 4.5 (2.0 to 7.0) | 0.04 | 1.6 (0.8 to 3.4) | 1.7 (−1.1 to 4.6) |
| Lycopene (among men) | 2.4 (0 to 6.0) | 1.4 (0 to 3.4) | 21 (15 to 27) | 22 (17 to 27) | 24 (18 to 30) | 19 (15 to 23) | 16 (13 to 19) | 27 (22 to 32) | <0.0001 | 11 (2.6 to 47) | 24 (18 to 30) |
| Vitamin D | 34 (27 to 40) | 37 (32 to 41) | 36 (29 to 42) | 38 (31 to 45) | 35 (30 to 40) | 40 (36 to 45) | 41 (37 to 44) | 43 (39 to 47) | 0.001 | 1.3 (1.0 to 1.6) | 9.2 (2.0 to 16) |
| Decreasedsupplementuse†† | |||||||||||
| Boron | 25 (20 to 30) | 25 (21 to 29) | 26 (20 to 31) | 27 (22 to 32) | 23 (19 to 26) | 22 (19 to 25) | 19 (15 to 22) | 20 (15 to 26) | 0.008 | 0.8 (0.6 to 1.1) | −4.5 (−12 to 2.8) |
| Iodine | 27 (22 to 32) | 28 (23 to 32) | 28 (23 to 33) | 27 (22 to 32) | 26 (22 to 30) | 23 (20 to 27) | 19 (15 to 22) | 22 (17 to 27) | 0.001 | 0.8 (0.6 to 1.1) | −4.9 (−12 to 2.1) |
| Iron | 22 (16 to 28) | 22 (17 to 27) | 21 (18 to 25) | 21 (18 to 25) | 16 (13 to 21) | 18 (15 to 21) | 15 (12 to 19) | 15 (12 to 18) | <0.0001 | 0.7 (0.5 to 0.9) | −7.5 (−14 to −1.2) |
| Magnesium | 35 (29 to 42) | 37 (30 to 44) | 38 (31 to 45) | 41 (35 to 46) | 33 (30 to 37) | 33 (30 to 36) | 29 (24 to 34) | 33 (29 to 37) | 0.01 | 0.9 (0.8 to 1.2) | −2.2 (−9.6 to 5.2) |
| Molybdenum | 24 (19 to 29) | 26 (21 to 31) | 26 (21 to 31) | 27 (22 to 31) | 24 (20 to 28) | 23 (20 to 25) | 18 (15 to 22) | 21 (17 to 26) | 0.006 | 0.9 (0.7 to 1.2) | −3.1 (−9.7 to 3.6) |
| Phosphorus | 23 (18 to 28) | 25 (21 to 30) | 25 (20 to 30) | 23 (19 to 27) | 22 (18 to 27) | 20 (16 to 23) | 17 (13 to 21) | 18 (13 to 22) | 0.0002 | 0.8 (0.5 to 1.03) | −5.8 (−12 to 0.6) |
| Potassium | 29 (23 to 34) | 30 (25 to 35) | 28 (23 to 33) | 29 (25 to 34) | 27 (23 to 31) | 25 (21 to 29) | 20 (15 to 25) | 20 (16 to 25) | <0.0001 | 0.7 (0.5 to 0.9) | −8.5 (−15 to −1.7) |
| Vanadium | 23 (18 to 28) | 24 (19 to 28) | 25 (19 to 30) | 24 (20 to 29) | 22 (18 to 25) | 20 (17 to 22) | 17 (13 to 21) | 19 (14 to 24) | 0.005 | 0.8 (0.6 to 1.2) | −3.8 (−11 to 3.0) |
| Zinc | 34 (28 to 39) | 33 (27 to 39) | 34 (28 to 40) | 38 (31 to 44) | 31 (27 to 35) | 31 (26 to 35) | 26 (22 to 31) | 32 (28 to 37) | 0.04 | 0.96 (0.8 to 1.2) | −1.4 (−8.1 to 5.2) |
| Vitamin A | 32 (26 to 39) | 36 (31 to 41) | 34 (29 to 39) | 38 (32 to 44) | 32 (28 to 37) | 31 (28 to 36) | 26 (22 to 30) | 32 (27 to 37) | 0.02 | 0.995 (0.8 to 1.3) | −0.2 (−7.9 to 7.6) |
| Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) | 36 (29 to 43) | 36 (31 to 42) | 35 (30 to 40) | 38 (31 to 44) | 32 (28 to 36) | 30 (27 to 34) | 27 (23 to 31) | 31 (26 to 35) | 0.001 | 0.8 (0.7 to 1.1) | −5.5 (−14 to 2.6) |
| Vitamin B3 (niacin) | 36 (29 to 44) | 36 (30 to 42) | 36 (31 to 41) | 37 (30 to 43) | 33 (29 to 37) | 31 (28 to 34) | 28 (24 to 32) | 32 (28 to 37) | 0.01 | 0.9 (0.7 to 1.1) | −3.8 (−12 to 4.5) |
| Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) | 35 (28 to 41) | 35 (30 to 41) | 33 (27 to 39) | 36 (30 to 42) | 32 (28 to 36) | 31 (28 to 35) | 27 (24 to 31) | 32 (27 to 36) | 0.02 | 0.9 (0.7 to 1.1) | −3.1 (−11 to 4.4) |
| Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) | 36 (29 to 44) | 37 (31 to 42) | 35 (30 to 41) | 38 (33 to 44) | 34 (30 to 39) | 32 (29 to 36) | 28 (24 to 32) | 34 (30 to 37) | 0.02 | 0.9 (0.7 to 1.1) | −2.8 (−11 to 5.0) |
| Vitamin B9 (folic acid) | 35 (28 to 43) | 36 (31 to 42) | 36 (30 to 42) | 38 (33 to 45) | 36 (31 to 41) | 33 (29 to 36) | 28 (25 to 32) | 33 (28 to 38) | 0.02 | 0.9 (0.7 to 1.2) | −2.5 (−11 to 5.8) |
| Vitamin E | 39 (32 to 46) | 40 (35 to 45) | 40 (33 to 47) | 40 (34 to 47) | 34 (29 to 38) | 32 (28 to 37) | 29 (24 to 35) | 34 (29 to 40) | 0.001 | 0.9 (0.7 to 1.1) | −4.9 (−13 to 3.5) |
| Stablesupplementuse† | |||||||||||
| Lutein or zeaxanthin | 13 (7 to 18) | 19 (14 to 23) | 23 (18 to 29) | 24 (20 to 29) | 22 (18 to 26) | 15 (12 to 18) | 12 (9 to 14) | 17 (13 to 22) | 0.07 | 1.4 (0.8 to 2.3) | 4.8 (−2.1 to 12) |
| Biotin | 30 (24 to 37) | 30 (25 to 34) | 30 (25 to 36) | 31 (26 to 37) | 31 (27 to 35) | 30 (27 to 34) | 27 (23 to 31) | 31 (26 to 37) | 0.82 | 1.0 (0.8 to 1.3) | 1.0 (−6.8 to 8.8) |
| Inositol | 3.6 (1.4 to 5.8) | n/a | 3.3 (1.2 to 5.4) | 3.9 (2.0 to 5.8) | n/a | 3.2 (1.5 to 4.8) | 3.8 (2.1 to 5.6) | 4.9 (2.6 to 7.3) | 0.15 | 1.4 (0.7 to 2.9) | 1.4 (−1.7 to 4.5) |
| Calcium | 43 (37 to 48) | 43 (38 to 49) | 49 (43 to 55) | 50 (43 to 57) | 41 (37 to 46) | 44 (40 to 47) | 37 (32 to 43) | 45 (40 to 50) | 0.18 | 1.1 (0.9 to 1.2) | 2.7 (−4.2 to 9.6) |
| Chromium | 27 (22 to 32) | 30 (25 to 34) | 28 (23 to 33) | 32 (26 to 37) | 30 (26 to 34) | 28 (25 to 31) | 25 (20 to 30) | 29 (24 to 34) | 0.57 | 1.1 (0.8 to 1.4) | 2.1 (−4.6 to 8.8) |
| Copper | 31 (25 to 36) | 31 (26 to 35) | 30 (24 to 35) | 33 (27 to 40) | 29 (25 to 33) | 28 (25 to 33) | 25 (21 to 29) | 30 (25 to 35) | 0.17 | 1.0 (0.8 to 1.2) | −0.73 (−7.8 to 6.4) |
| Manganese | 29 (24 to 35) | 30 (25 to 35) | 29 (24 to 34) | 32 (27 to 38) | 29 (25 to 33) | 27 (24 to 30) | 24 (20 to 28) | 28 (24 to 32) | 0.09 | 1.0 (0.8 to 1.2) | −1.0 (−7.7 to 5.6) |
| Selenium | 28 (23 to 33) | 31 (25 to 36) | 29 (23 to 34) | 32 (27 to 37) | 28 (24 to 33) | 27 (24 to 30) | 24 (20 to 28) | 28 (24 to 33) | 0.13 | 1.0 (0.8 to 1.3) | 0.9 (−5.4 to 7.3) |
| Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) | 36 (29 to 43) | 38 (32 to 43) | 35 (29 to 41) | 40 (34 to 45) | 36 (32 to 40) | 34 (31 to 37) | 34 (28 to 40) | 37 (33 to 41) | 0.51 | 1.0 (0.8 to 1.3) | 0.9 (−7.0 to 8.8) |
| Vitamin C | 40 (33 to 47) | 39 (34 to 44) | 39 (32 to 45) | 41 (35 to 47) | 37 (34 to 41) | 36 (32 to 39) | 32 (28 to 36) | 39 (34 to 44) | 0.09 | 1.0 (0.8 to 1.2) | −1.6 (−10 to 6.6) |
| Vitamin K | 24 (19 to 29) | 24 (20 to 28) | 26 (21 to 31) | 29 (24 to 33) | 25 (21 to 29) | 25 (22 to 27) | 23 (18 to 27) | 27 (22 to 32) | 0.99 | 1.1 (0.8 to 1.4) | 2.5 (−4.3 to 9.3) |
*Results are presented for the use of individual vitamins and minerals, regardless of whether it was taken as an individual supplement or through MVMM.
†Survey-weighted logistic regression was used to calculate p for linear trend across waves. A decrease corresponds to a ratio <1 (or a difference <0) and p for trend <0.05. An increase represents a ratio >1 (or a difference >0) and p for trend <0.05. Stable represents a p for trend ≥0.05.
‡Sample weights were considered for analyses to account for complex survey design. If the relative SE is >30%, data were suppressed (n/a), which is consistent with National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) reporting guidelines.
MVMM, multivitamin/multimineral; n/a, not available.