Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of participants
| CKD | Controls | |
| (n=81) | (n=24) | |
| Demographics | ||
| Age (years) | 68 (10) | 64 (10) |
| Male | 52 (64) | 15 (63) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||
| White | 60 (74) | 20 (83) |
| Black | 12 (15) | 2 (8) |
| Other | 9 (11) | 2 (8) |
| Hispanic ethnicity | 8 (10) | 3 (13) |
| Highest level of education | ||
| High school | 22 (27) | 7 (29) |
| Trade school | 17 (21) | 7 (29) |
| College | 23 (28) | 7 (29) |
| Graduate school | 19 (24) | 3 (13) |
| Health history | ||
| Current smoking | 2 (3) | 3 (13) |
| History of MI | 13 (16) | 1 (4) |
| History of CHF | 18 (22) | 1 (4) |
| History of stroke | 12 (15) | 1 (4) |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 20 (10.55) | 16 (8.35) |
| Medication use | ||
| Insulin | 72 (89) | 21 (88) |
| Insulin dose (units/kg/day) | 0.56 (0.43) | 0.65 (0.49) |
| Insulin secretagogues | 18 (22) | 5 (21) |
| Sulfonylureas | 17 (21) | 5 (21) |
| Meglitinides | 1 (1) | 0 (0) |
| Other glucose-lowering agents | 29 (36) | 18 (75) |
| DPP4i | 3 (4) | 0 (0) |
| GLP1 agonists | 11 (14) | 5 (21) |
| Biguanides | 18 (22) | 14 (58) |
| SGLT2i | 1 (1) | 5 (21) |
| TZDs | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Antihypertensive medications | ||
| ACEi/ARBs | 60 (74) | 21 (88) |
| Beta-blockers | 38 (47) | 5 (21) |
| Lipid-lowering medications | ||
| Statins | 75 (93) | 20 (83) |
| Neuropathy medications | ||
| Gabapentin | 18 (22) | 4 (17) |
| Duloxetine/Venlafaxine | 4 (5) | 1 (4) |
| Lidocaine patch | 3 (4) | 0 |
| Tricyclic antidepressants | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Pregabalin | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Physical characteristics | ||
| Height (cm) | 171 (10) | 172 (9) |
| BMI | 33.8 (5.7) | 32.4 (6.2) |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 132 (21) | 136 (17) |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 72 (13) | 78 (12) |
| Laboratory values | ||
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 38 (14) | 83 (11) |
| Urine ACR (mg/g) | 150 (28 to 637) | 14 (8 to 57) |
| HbA1c (%), mean (SD) | 7.8 (1.6) | 8.0 (1.5) |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol), mean (SD) | 62 (17) | 64 (16) |
| CGM variables | ||
| GMI (%), mean (SD) | 7.37 (0.96) | 7.09 (0.73) |
| % CV of CGM sensor glucose readings, mean (SD) | 31 (6) | 29 (7) |
| % Time below range (<70 mg/dL) | 2 (3) | 2 (3) |
| % Time in range (70–180 mg/dL) | 62 (23) | 69 (22) |
| % Time above range (>180 mg/dL) | 37 (23) | 29 (22) |
Cell contents are N (%) or mean (SD), except for urine ACR which is median (25th percentile, 75th percentile).
ACEi, angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors; ACR, albumin-to-creatinine ratio; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; CGM, continuous glucose monitor; CHF, congestive heart failure; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CV, coefficient of variation; DPP4i, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; GLP1, glucagon-like peptide 1; GMI, glucose management indicator; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; MI, myocardial infarction; SGLT2i, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors; TZD, thiazolidinedione.