Baseline characteristics of participants in the first trimester
| Characteristic | GDM n=135 | NGT n=135 | P value |
| Age (years) | 29 (28–33) | 29 (28–33) | 1.00 |
| Gestational age at enrollment | 10 (9–12) | 10 (9–12) | 0.36 |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 22.2 (20.3–25.1) | 22.0 (19.9–24.8) | 0.45 |
| GWG before OGTT (kg) | 8.6 (6.2–11.0) | 8.6 (6.4–10.5) | 0.56 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 108 (101–116) | 110 (102–119) | 0.43 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 67 (62–73) | 67 (61–72) | 0.66 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.0 (3.6–4.4) | 3.9 (3.6–4.4) | 0.84 |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 1.2 (0.9–1.4) | 1.0 (0.9–1.3) | 0.07 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.7 (1.4–1.9) | 1.8 (1.5–1.9) | 0.26 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.2 (1.9–2.7) | 2.3 (1.9–2.6) | 0.79 |
| GFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 168.6 (151.9–182.6) | 172.6 (155.1–191.1) | 0.28 |
| ALT (U/L) | 13 (10–23) | 12 (10–19) | 0.33 |
| AST (U/L) | 14 (13–18) | 15 (13–17) | 0.92 |
| Daily intake of calories (kcal/day) | 1272 (1031–1631) | 1242 (936–1683) | 0.70 |
| Weekly PA time (MET-min/week) | 693 (238–1386) | 693 (198–1386) | 0.80 |
Data were presented as medians (IQR).
ALT, alanine transaminase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; GWG, gestational weight gain; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; MET, metabolic equivalent of task; NGT, normal glucose tolerance; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; PA, physical activity.