Baseline and end of follow-up characteristics of study participants, by GDM status
| Gestational diabetes | Total | |||||
| No (n=150 293) | Yes (n=10 234) | (n=160 527) | ||||
| Age | ||||||
| Years, mean (±SD) | 31.45 | (±5.02) | 33.24 | (±5.42) | 31.07 | (±5.08) |
| Socioeconomic status | ||||||
| Lowest quartile | 27 395 | 18.2 | 1974 | 19.3 | 29 369 | 18.3 |
| Second | 57 181 | 38 | 3608 | 35.5 | 60 789 | 37.9 |
| Third | 26 003 | 17.3 | 1890 | 18.5 | 27 893 | 17.4 |
| Highest | 34 795 | 23.2 | 2415 | 23.6 | 37 210 | 23.2 |
| NA | 4919 | 3.3 | 347 | 3.4 | 5266 | 3.3 |
| Smoking | ||||||
| Current | 16 118 | 10.7 | 1094 | 10.7 | 17 212 | 10.7 |
| Past | 3027 | 2 | 231 | 2.3 | 3258 | 2 |
| Never | 125 204 | 83.3 | 8559 | 83.6 | 133 763 | 83.3 |
| Unknown | 5944 | 4 | 350 | 3.4 | 6294 | 3.9 |
| Parity | ||||||
| 1 | 76 126 | 50.7 | 9034 | 88.3 | 85 160 | 53.1 |
| 2 | 47 461 | 31.6 | 1019 | 10 | 48 480 | 30.2 |
| 3 | 18 719 | 12.5 | 160 | 1.6 | 18 879 | 11.8 |
| 4+ | 7987 | 5.3 | 21 | 0.2 | 8008 | 5 |
| Body weight | ||||||
| Normal or underweight | 33 404 | 22.2 | 1576 | 15.4 | 34 980 | 21.8 |
| Overweight | 16 556 | 11 | 1766 | 17.3 | 18 322 | 11.4 |
| Obese | 11 694 | 7.6 | 2111 | 20.6 | 13 805 | 8.6 |
| NA | 88 639 | 59 | 4781 | 46.7 | 93 420 | 58.2 |
| Lipids levels | ||||||
| TG, mean log (mg/dL) (±SD) | 1.95 | (±0.21) | 2.06 | (±0.23) | 1.95 | (±0.21) |
| LDL-C, mean mg/dL (±SD) | 107.05 | (±26.66) | 111.13 | (±31.26) | 107.48 | (±28.87) |
| HDL-C mean mg/dL (±SD) | 54.33 | (±12.46) | 52.02 | (±12.59) | 54.18 | (±12.48) |
| End of follow-up | ||||||
| Mean TG tests (±SD) | 1.18 | (±0.53) | 1.27 | (±0.63) | 1.19 | (±0.54) |
| Mean LDL-C tests (±SD) | 1.16 | (±0.48) | 1.24 | (±0.6) | 1.17 | (±0.49) |
| Mean HDL-C tests (±SD) | 1.17 | (±0.49) | 1.25 | (±0.6) | 1.17 | (±0.5) |
| Mean follow-up years (±SD) | 4.75 | 11 | 4.64 | 10.85 | (±4.75) | |
| Incident DM | 0.7 | 1012 | 9.9 | 1994 | 1.2 | |
DM, diabetes mellitus; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; NA, not applicable; TG, triglyceride.