Table 1

Characteristics of n=49 198 patients with diabetes

CharacteristicsTotalWith biannual HbA1c testingWith annual eye examinationWith annual kidney function examinationAge below 75 yearsWith annual LDL testing
n49 19834 254 (69.6%)21 804 (44.3%)21 808 (44.3%)33 97518 851 (55.5%)
Female gender22 138 (45.0%)15 136 (68.4%)10 314 (46.6%)9982 (45.1%)13 977 (41.2%)7572 (54.2%)
Age (mean, SD)66.6 (13.7)66.6 (13.0)69.1 (12.2)66.4 (13.0)60.1 (11.2)60.7 (10.5)
Purchasing power index (mean, SD)99.8 (20.6)99.6 (20.4)100.45 (21.3)100.0 (20.8)99.5 (20.0)99.7 (20.4)
Urban residence38 478 (78.2%)26 596 (69.1%)17 039 (44.3%)17 437 (45.3%)26 562 (78.2%)14 914 (56.1%)
Language
 German35 882 (72.9%)26 587 (74.1%)16 493 (46.0%)15 369 (42.8%)24 911 (73.4%)12 833 (51.5%)
 French9226 (18.8%)5333 (57.8%)3636 (39.4%)4259 (46.2%)6472 (19.1%)4442 (68.6%)
 Italian4090 (8.3%)2334 (57.1%)1675 (41.0%)2180 (53.3%)2572 (7.6%)1576 (61.2%)
Insurance coverage
 Only mandatory13 120 (26.7%)8673 (66.1%)4787 (36.5%)5669 (43.2%)10 380 (30.6%)5662 (54.5%)
 Mandatory and supplementary36 078 (73.3%)25 581 (70.9%)17 017 (47.2%)16 139 (44.7%)23 577 (69.4%)13 189 (55.9%)
High deductible (SFr >500)2770 (5.6%)1692 (61.1%)888 (32.1%)978 (44.9%)2262 (6.7%)1058 (46.8%)
Mandatory insurance models
 Standard29 097 (59.1%)19 973 (68.6%)12 870 (44.2%)12 900 (44.3%)19 207 (56.6%)10 639 (55.4%)
 Managed care20 101 (40.9%)14 281 (71.0%)8934 (44.4%)8908 (44.3%)14 750 (43.4%)8212 (55.7%)
Supplementary hospital care insurance8582 (17.4%)6085 (70.9%)4544 (52.9%)3965 (46.2%)5336 (15.7%)3038 (56.9%)
Multimorbidity (mean, SD)2.6 (1.7)2.6 (1.7)2.8 (1.7)2.7 (1.7)2.4 (1.7)2.5 (1.7)
Diabetes category
 Incident6198 (12.6%)4003 (64.6%)2109 (34.0%)2646 (42.7%)4971 (14.6%)2661 (53.5%)
 Oral drug only30 329 (61.6%)20 294 (66.9%)12 976 (42.8%)13 318 (43.9%)20 084 (59.1%)11 331 (56.4%)
 Insulin12 671 (25.8%)9957 (78.6%)6719 (53.0%)5844 (46.1%)8902 (26.2%)4859 (54.6%)
Ophthalmologist density/10 000 inhabitants0.09 (0.17)0.09 (0.18)
  • Multimorbidity: pharmaceutical cost groups were used to deduce chronic morbidity based on drug use.

  • HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.