Characteristics | Total | With biannual HbA1c testing | With annual eye examination | With annual kidney function examination | Age below 75 years | With annual LDL testing |
n | 49 198 | 34 254 (69.6%) | 21 804 (44.3%) | 21 808 (44.3%) | 33 975 | 18 851 (55.5%) |
Female gender | 22 138 (45.0%) | 15 136 (68.4%) | 10 314 (46.6%) | 9982 (45.1%) | 13 977 (41.2%) | 7572 (54.2%) |
Age (mean, SD) | 66.6 (13.7) | 66.6 (13.0) | 69.1 (12.2) | 66.4 (13.0) | 60.1 (11.2) | 60.7 (10.5) |
Purchasing power index (mean, SD) | 99.8 (20.6) | 99.6 (20.4) | 100.45 (21.3) | 100.0 (20.8) | 99.5 (20.0) | 99.7 (20.4) |
Urban residence | 38 478 (78.2%) | 26 596 (69.1%) | 17 039 (44.3%) | 17 437 (45.3%) | 26 562 (78.2%) | 14 914 (56.1%) |
Language | ||||||
German | 35 882 (72.9%) | 26 587 (74.1%) | 16 493 (46.0%) | 15 369 (42.8%) | 24 911 (73.4%) | 12 833 (51.5%) |
French | 9226 (18.8%) | 5333 (57.8%) | 3636 (39.4%) | 4259 (46.2%) | 6472 (19.1%) | 4442 (68.6%) |
Italian | 4090 (8.3%) | 2334 (57.1%) | 1675 (41.0%) | 2180 (53.3%) | 2572 (7.6%) | 1576 (61.2%) |
Insurance coverage | ||||||
Only mandatory | 13 120 (26.7%) | 8673 (66.1%) | 4787 (36.5%) | 5669 (43.2%) | 10 380 (30.6%) | 5662 (54.5%) |
Mandatory and supplementary | 36 078 (73.3%) | 25 581 (70.9%) | 17 017 (47.2%) | 16 139 (44.7%) | 23 577 (69.4%) | 13 189 (55.9%) |
High deductible (SFr >500) | 2770 (5.6%) | 1692 (61.1%) | 888 (32.1%) | 978 (44.9%) | 2262 (6.7%) | 1058 (46.8%) |
Mandatory insurance models | ||||||
Standard | 29 097 (59.1%) | 19 973 (68.6%) | 12 870 (44.2%) | 12 900 (44.3%) | 19 207 (56.6%) | 10 639 (55.4%) |
Managed care | 20 101 (40.9%) | 14 281 (71.0%) | 8934 (44.4%) | 8908 (44.3%) | 14 750 (43.4%) | 8212 (55.7%) |
Supplementary hospital care insurance | 8582 (17.4%) | 6085 (70.9%) | 4544 (52.9%) | 3965 (46.2%) | 5336 (15.7%) | 3038 (56.9%) |
Multimorbidity (mean, SD) | 2.6 (1.7) | 2.6 (1.7) | 2.8 (1.7) | 2.7 (1.7) | 2.4 (1.7) | 2.5 (1.7) |
Diabetes category | ||||||
Incident | 6198 (12.6%) | 4003 (64.6%) | 2109 (34.0%) | 2646 (42.7%) | 4971 (14.6%) | 2661 (53.5%) |
Oral drug only | 30 329 (61.6%) | 20 294 (66.9%) | 12 976 (42.8%) | 13 318 (43.9%) | 20 084 (59.1%) | 11 331 (56.4%) |
Insulin | 12 671 (25.8%) | 9957 (78.6%) | 6719 (53.0%) | 5844 (46.1%) | 8902 (26.2%) | 4859 (54.6%) |
Ophthalmologist density/10 000 inhabitants | 0.09 (0.17) | – | 0.09 (0.18) | – | – | – |
Multimorbidity: pharmaceutical cost groups were used to deduce chronic morbidity based on drug use.
HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.