Table 3

Results of multiple linear regression analysis for variables associated with longitudinal brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity during 5-year follow-up

Variable	Comparison	Adjusted ORs (95% CI)	P value
Intercept		213 (−281 to 706)	0.40
Time (years)	1 year	23.3 (20.2 to 26.4)	<0.0001
Age (years)	1 year	13.4 (10.9 to 15.9)	<0.0001
Gender	Male vs female	4.2 (−41.2 to 49.5)	0.86
Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire score	Neither type vs evening type	19.5 (−23.3 to 62.3)	0.37
	Morning type vs evening type	19.2 (−39.9 to 78.4)	0.52
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score	Average vs good	32.5 (−9.2 to 74.3)	0.13
	Poor vs good	42.7 (−21.2 to 106.5)	0.19
Sleep duration	Intermediate vs short	−2.06 (−51.8 to 47.7)	0.93
	Long vs short	−7.65 (−104.1 to 88.8)	0.88
Beck Depression Inventory-II score	1 point	−1.85 (−4.25 to 0.55)	0.13
Caloric intake	1 kcal/day	−0.02 (−0.05 to 0.01)	0.22
Physical activity	1 METs·h/week	−0.11 (−0.34 to 0.13)	0.36
Alcohol consumption	1 g/day	0.24 (−0.70 to 1.17)	0.62
Current smoker	Former smoker vs current smoker	−8.19 (−55.8 to 39.4)	0.74
	Former smoker vs Never-smoker	−5.97 (−53.2 to 41.2)	0.80
Frequency of breakfast intake	One time a week	−25.5 (−39.5 to −11.5)	0.0004
Time of dinner	1 hour	−7.56 (−24.1 to 8.9)	0.37
Excessive daytime sleepiness	Yes vs no	−13.8 (−51.3 to 23.7)	0.47
Shift worker	Yes vs no	38.1 (−18.0 to 94.2)	0.18
Estimated duration of diabetes	1 year	3.59 (1.02 to 6.15)	0.006
Body mass index	1 kg/m²	−14.3 (−19.4 to −9.16)	<0.0001
Systolic BP	1 mm Hg	5.35 (4.09 to 6.62)	<0.0001
HbA1c	1 mmol/mol	1.26 (−0.51 to 3.03)	0.16
Total cholesterol	1 mg/dL	0.23 (−0.50 to 0.96)	0.54
HDL cholesterol	1 mg/dL	−0.89 (−2.51 to 0.73)	0.28
Triglyceride: log-transformed value	1 unit	56.0 (13.9 to 98.0)	0.009
eGFR	1 mL/min/1.73 m²	1.08 (−0.04. 2.19)	0.06
Uric acid (mg/dL)	1 mg/dL	25.8 (−9.27 to 42.3)	0.002
Diabetic retinopathy	Yes vs no	20.1 (−16.8 to 56.9)	0.29
Diabetic nephropathy	Macroalbuminuria vs normoalbuminuria	25.5 (−20.2 to 71.3)	0.27
	Microalbuminuria vs normoalbuminuria	100.6 (5.2 to 196.0)	0.04
Diabetic neuropathy	Yes vs no	−26.1 (−65.3 to 13.1)	0.19
Insulin therapy	Yes vs no	3.03 (−56.5 to 62.6)	0.92
Antihypertension drugs	Yes vs no	−3.76 (−39.5 to 32.0)	0.84
Antihyperlipidemia drugs	Yes vs no	−25.7 (−61.0 to 9.7)	0.16
Antiplatelet drugs	Yes vs no	127.2 (33.8 to 220.7)	0.008
Sleep apnea syndrome	Yes vs no	1.68 (−97.3 to 100.6)	0.97

Longitudinal brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity was analyzed with a linear mixed-effects model using time, lifestyle habits and possible atherosclerotic risk factors at baseline as fixed effects, and patient as a random effect.
BP, blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDL, high-density lipoprotein.