Predictors of longitudinal brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity during 5-year follow-up
| Comparison | Regression coefficient (95% CI) | P value | |
| Intercept | 838 (423 to 1254) | <0.001 | |
| Time | 1 year | 23.0 (19.9 to 26.1) | <0.001 |
| Age | 1 year | 15.5 (13.2 to 17.8) | <0.001 |
| Gender | Male vs female | 39.3 (−5.7 to 84.2) | 0.09 |
| Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire score | Neither type vs evening type | 30.1 (−16.5 to 76.8) | 0.21 |
| Morning type vs evening type | 23.5 (−40.1 to 87.1) | 0.47 | |
| Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score | Average vs good | 32.9 (−12.1 to 78.0) | 0.15 |
| Poor vs good | 68.0 (−1.33 to 137.4) | 0.05 | |
| Sleep duration | Intermediate vs short | −11.6 (−66.0 to 42.8) | 0.68 |
| Long vs short | 14.1 (−88.3 to 117.1) | 0.78 | |
| Beck Depression Inventory-II score | 1 point | −0.65 (−3.20 to 1.90) | 0.62 |
| Caloric intake | 1 kcal/day | −0.02 (−0.06 to 0.01) | 0.18 |
| Physical activity | 1 METs·h/week | −0.08 (−0.32 to 0.16) | 0.52 |
| Alcohol consumption | 1 g/day | 0.49 (−0.45 to 1.44) | 0.31 |
| Current smoker | Former smoker vs current smoker | −27.4 (−78.1 to 22.5) | 0.28 |
| Former smoker vs never-smoker | −21.8 (−71.5 to 27.9) | 0.39 | |
| Frequency of breakfast intake | One time a week | −25.3 (−40.6 to −10.0) | 0.001 |
| Time of dinner | 1 hour | −0.85 (−18.5 to 16.8) | 0.92 |
| Excessive daytime sleepiness | Yes vs no | −21.1 (−61.4 to 19.3) | 0.31 |
| Shift worker | Yes vs no | 52.9 (−7.49 to 113.2) | 0.09 |
Longitudinal brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity was analyzed with a linear mixed-effects model using time and lifestyle habits at baseline as fixed effects, and patient as a random effect.