Radio calisthenics (−) | Radio calisthenics (+) | P value | |
Total number | 27 | 15 | – |
Male | 13 (48.1) | 11 (73.3) | 0.11 |
Age (years) | 65.8±12.6 | 62.9±14.5 | 0.50 |
Weight (kg) | 64.1±16.3 | 70.8±19.4 | 0.24 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.6±4.8 | 26.4±7.9 | 0.37 |
Diabetes duration (years) | 14.5±9.0 | 12.2±8.5 | 0.44 |
HbA1c (%) | 9.3±1.8 | 10.2±1.2 | 0.10 |
HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 77.8±19.4 | 87.8±13.1 | 0.10 |
FBS (mg/dL) | 167.7±51.5 | 156.3±32.3 | 0.44 |
C-peptide (nmol/L) | 1.4±0.8 | 1.7±1.4 | 0.29 |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.73±0.2 | 0.77±0.2 | 0.63 |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²) | 77.8±23.5 | 80.5±27.2 | 0.74 |
SMI (kg/m2) | 6.8±1.1 | 7.1±1.4 | 0.92 |
Weight-adjusted SMI | 0.587±0.080 | 0.572±0.096 | 0.61 |
Lean body mass (kg) | 23.3±5.3 | 25.2±6.8 | 0.32 |
Right arm (kg) | 2.3±0.6 | 2.4±0.9 | 0.51 |
Left arm (kg) | 2.2±0.6 | 2.4±0.9 | 0.40 |
Trunk (kg) | 19.4±4.1 | 20.6±5.4 | 0.42 |
Right leg (kg) | 6.6±1.6 | 7.3±2.1 | 0.26 |
Left leg (kg) | 6.6±1.6 | 7.3±2.0 | 0.20 |
Body fat mass (kg) | 20.4±9.9 | 23.7±13.3 | 0.38 |
Drinking habits | 13 (48.1) | 2 (13.3) | 0.96 |
Smoking states | 0.96 | ||
Ex-smoker | 9 (33.3) | 6 (40) | |
Current smoker | 7 (25.9) | 2 (13.3) | |
Exercise habits | 5 (18.5) | 2 (13.3) | 0.65 |
Insulin treatments | 8 (29.6) | 4 (26.7) | 0.35 |
Retinopathy (NDR/SDR/PDR) | 19 (70.4)/5 (18.5)/3 (11.1) | 8 (53.3)/3 (20.0)/4 (13.7) | 0.20 |
Nephropathy (normo/micro/macroalbuminuria) | 12 (44.4)/12 (44.4)/3 (11.1) | 10 (66.7)/2 (13.3)/3 (20) | 0.12 |
Neuropathy | 12 (44.4)/13 (48.1) | 6 (40)/9 (60) | 0.62 |
Data are expressed as n (%) or mean±SD. Weight-adjusted SMI was defined as dividing skeletal muscle mass by the body weight. P values by Welch’s t-test for continuous variables and χ2 test for categorical variables.
eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; FBS, fasting blood sugar; NDR, no diabetic retinopathy; PDR, proliferative diabetic retinopathy; SDR, simple diabetic retinopathy; SMI, skeletal muscle mass index.