Patient demographic and background characteristics during the study period
| Baseline | Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | Year 4 | Year 5 | P value | |
| Age (years) | 57.8±8.5 (n=734) | – | |||||
| Male gender (%) | 463 (63) | – | |||||
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.6±4.0 (n=729) | 24.5±4.0 (n=724) | 24.4±4.0 (n=676) | 24.3±3.9 (n=671) | 24.3±3.9 (n=660) | 24.2±3.8 (n=629) | <0.001 |
| Estimated duration of diabetes (years) | 9.9±7.2 (n=726) | – | |||||
| Diabetic retinopathy | 267 (36.8) | ||||||
| Diabetic neuropathy Normoalbuminuria/microalbuminuria/macroalbuminuria | 572 (79.2)/124 (17.2)/23 (3.6) | ||||||
| Diabetic neuropathy | 193 (26.5) | ||||||
| Systolic BP (mm Hg) | 127±14 (n=729) | 128±14 (n=724) | 128±15 (n=676) | 129±14 (n=671) | 130±15 (n=660) | 129±14 (n=633) | <0.001 |
| Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 77±10 (n=729) | 79±11 (n=724) | 79±11 (n=676) | 78±10 (n=671) | 79±10 (n=660) | 78±10 (n=633) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.0±1.0 (n=727) | 7.0±1.1 (n=718) | 7.0±1.1 (n=678) | 7.0±1.1 (n=660) | 7.0±1.0 (n=646) | 7.1±1.0 (n=635) | 0.029 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 52.6±10.9 (n=727) | 52.6±11.8 (n=718) | 53.2±11.5 (n=678) | 53.3±12.4 (n=660) | 53.2±11.9 (n=646) | 53.9±12.1 (n=635) | 0.029 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 185±28 (n=726) | 185±27 (n=713) | 185±29 (n=676) | 188±30 (n=654) | 184±28 (n=635) | 184±31 (n=627) | 0.009 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 59±14 (n=727) | 57±13 (n=713) | 57±13 (n=677) | 60±15 (n=660) | 59±14 (n=643) | 59±14 (n=635) | <0.001 |
| Triglyceride: log-transformed value (actual value, median (IQR) (mg/dL) | 4.66±0.56 (100 (70, 152)) (n=720) | 4.63±0.55 (98 (71, 144)) (n=713) | 4.61±0.54 (96 (70, 137)) (n=677) | 4.69±0.58 (104 (74, 152)) (n=660) | 4.65±0.56 (101 (72, 144)) (n=643) | 4.66±0.56 100 (71, 142)) (n=635) | <0.001 |
| Uric acid (mg/dL) | 5.5±1.2 (n=727) | 5.5±1.2 (n=714) | 5.5±1.3 (n=677) | 5.4±1.3 (n=660) | 5.5±1.3 (n=644) | 5.5±1.2 (n=633) | 0.76 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 78±18 (n=723) | 75±17 (n=701) | 73±18 (n=681) | 71±18 (n=656) | 69±19 (n=643) | 68±18 (n=630) | <0.001 |
| UAE: log-transformed value (actual value, median (IQR): mg/g creatinine) | 2.64±1.31 (10 (6, 23)) (n=722) | 2.61±1.45 (10 (5, 24)) (n=702) | 2.63±1.38 (10 (5, 25)) (n=651) | 2.66±1.48 (10 (5, 26)) (n=645) | 2.63±1.43 (10 (5, 29)) (n=623) | 2.65±1.46 (10 (5, 26)) (n=613) | 0.23 |
| Insulin therapy (n/%) | 80 (11) | – | |||||
| Hypotensive drugs (n/%) | 348 (47.7) | – | |||||
| Lipid-lowering drugs (n/%) | 444 (60.9) | – | |||||
| Antiplatelet agents (n/%) | 24 (3.3) | – | |||||
| Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire score | 57.4±7.3 (n=732) | 57.6±6.9 (n=672) | 58.5±7.0 (n=597) | <0.001 | |||
| Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score | 5.1±3.0 (n=733) | 5.3±3.0 (n=669) | 5.4±3.1 (n=600) | 0.044 | |||
| Beck Depression Inventory-II score | 9.9±7.6 (n=734) | – | |||||
| Caloric intake (kcal/day) | 1,719±585 (n=733) | – | |||||
| Physical activity (METs·h/week) | 43.7±73.9 (n=732) | – | |||||
| Sleep duration (hours) | 6.5±1.2 (n=733) | 6.5±1.1 (n=671) | 6.5±1.2 (n=601) | 0.15 | |||
| Frequency of breakfast intake (times a week) | 6.6±1.3 (n=733) | 6.5±1.4 (n=668) | 6.6±1.3 (n=601) | 0.26 | |||
| Current smoker (yes) | 177 (24.1) | – | |||||
| Alcohol consumption (g/day) | 12.4±21.6 (n=733) | – | |||||
| baPWV (cm/s) | 1545±280 (n=726) | 1578±290 (n=668) | 1656±315 (n=601) | <0.001 |
Data are mean±SD, median (IQR) or number of patients. P values are derived using a mixed-effects model with repeated measures.
baPWV, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity; BP, blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; UAE, urinary albumin excretion.