Characteristics of 73 children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes and detectable C peptide with at least 10 years of follow-up
| Ultrasensitive C peptide (pmol/L) N=73 | C peptide detectable 28 | C peptide not detectable 45 | P value |
| At diagnosis | |||
| Male/female | 11/17 (39%/61%) | 29/16 (64%/36%) | 0.036* |
| Age (years) | 5.2±3.1 | 5.0±2.9 | 0.753 |
| BMI SDS | −0.44±1.4 | −1.01±1.4 | 0.086 |
| Hemoglobin A1c % (mmol/mol) | 9.4±4.0 (79±20) | 9.4±3.7 (79±17) | 0.917 |
| Ketoacidosis (pH <7.30) | 1 (4%) | 5 (11%) | 0.244 |
| Average hemoglobin A1c % (mmol/mol) | |||
| First year | 6.1±2.6 (43±6) | 6.5±2.8 (49±8) | 0.003** |
| Second year | 6.6±2.7 (49±7) | 7.0±2.8 (53±8) | 0.029* |
| Third year | 6.8±2.8 (51±8) | 7.2±2.9 (56±9) | 0.026* |
| Fourth year | 7.1±2.8 (54±8) | 7.5±3.0 (58±10) | 0.065 |
| Fifth year | 7.5±2.9 (58±9) | 7.5±3.1 (59±11) | 0.505 |
| Sixth year | 7.5±2.8 (59±8) | 7.7±3.1 (61±11) | 0.575 |
| Seventh year | 7.8±2.7 (62±7) | 7.7±2.9 (61±9) | 0.560 |
| Eighth year | 8.0±2.7 (64±7) | 7.7±2.9 (61±9) | 0.247 |
| Ninth year | 7.9±2.9 (63±9) | 7.8±2.9 (62±9) | 0.519 |
| Tenth year | 7.9±3.0 (63±10) | 8.1±2.9 (65±9) | 0.401 |
| Ten-year grand average | 7.4±2.6 (57±6) | 7.5±2.7 (58±7) | 0.260 |
| Grand average for the entire study period | 7.5±2.6 (58±6) | 7.6±2.7 (60±7) | 0.218 |
| At long-term follow-up | |||
| Age (years) | 16.4±3.2 | 17.2±3.3 | 0.331 |
| Duration of type 1 diabetes (years) | 11.8±2.0 | 12.7±2.6 | 0.098 |
| BMI SDS (n=50) | 0.90±0.75 | 0.28±1.17 | 0.043* |
| Hemoglobin A1c % (mmol/mol) | 8.0±3.3 (64±13) | 8.1±2.9 (65±9) | 0.774 |
| Treatment with insulin pump | 11 (39%) | 21 (47%) | 0.537 |
| Celiac disease | 7 (25%) | 2 (4%) | 0.041* |
| Hypothyreosis | 0 (0%) | 2 (4%) | 0.527 |
| Retinopathy | 4 (14%) | 14 (31%) | 0.105 |
| Creatinine (µmol/L) | 58±12 | 62±12 | 0.077 |
| Blood glucose (mmol/L) | 10±6 | 11±5 | 0.460 |
| GADA detectable | 15 (54%) | 17 (38%) | 0.186 |
| IA-2A detectable | 10 (36%) | 13 (29%) | 0.542 |
| GADA and IA-2A detectable | 5 (18%) | 5 (11%) | 0.415 |
Values are given as mean±SD.
Significance of the difference between subjects with and without detectable C peptide (>1.17 pmol/L): *p<0.05, **p<0.01.
BMI SDS, body mass index SD score; GADA, glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies; IA-2A, islet antigen-2 antibodies.