Characteristics of 73 children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes followed up for at least 10 years
| Range | ||
| At diagnosis | ||
| Male | 40 (55%) | |
| Age (years) | 5.1±3.0 | 0.6 to 12.5 |
| BMI SDS | −0.81±1.44 | −4.17 to 2.57 |
| Blood glucose (mmol/L) | 25.1±8.7 | 7.9 to 58 |
| Hemoglobin A1c (%) | 9.4±3.8 | 6.0 to 13.6 |
| Hemoglobin A1c (mmol/mol) | 79±18 | 42 to 125 |
| Ketoacidosis (pH <7.30) | 6 (8%) | |
| Intensive care | 7 (10%) | |
| Previously diagnosed celiac disease | 3 (4%) | |
| Previously diagnosed hypothyreosis | 1 (1%) | |
| At 1-year follow-up | ||
| Age (years) | 6.2±3.0 | 1.6 to 13.7 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 1.0±0.1 | 0.8 to 1.4 |
| BMI SDS | 0.60±1.1 | −2.35 to 2.71 |
| Hemoglobin A1c (%) | 6.6±2.9 | 5.3 to 9.8 |
| Hemoglobin (mmol/mol) | 49±9 | 34 to 84 |
| Celiac disease | 4 (5%) | |
| Hypothyreosis | 1 (1%) | |
| Insulin treatment | ||
| Multiple injection therapy | 72 (99%) | |
| Insulin pump | 1 (1%) | |
| Daily insulin dose (U/kg) | 0.7±0.2 | 0.2 to 1.1 |
| At long-term follow-up | ||
| Age (years) | 16.9±3.3 | 10.6 to 24.0 |
| Duration of type 1 diabetes (years) | 12.3±2.4 | 10 to 20 |
| BMI SDS | 0.52±1.06 | −2.40 to 2.57 |
| Hemoglobin A1c (%) | 8.1±3.1 | 6.1 to 11.2 |
| Hemoglobin A1c (mmol/mol) | 65±11 | 43 to 99 |
| Celiac disease | 9 (12%) | |
| Hypothyreosis | 2 (3%) | |
| Insulin treatment | ||
| Multiple injection therapy | 41 (56%) | |
| Insulin pump | 32 (44%) | |
| Daily insulin dose (U/kg) | 0.9±0.3 | 0.5 to 1.7 |
| Retinopathy | 18 (25%) | |
| Creatinine (µmol/L) | 61±12 | 37 to 96 |
| Blood glucose (mmol/L) | 10.6±5.4 | 2.8 to 21.9 |
| C peptide (pmol/L) | 1.17±5.31 | 1.17 to 22.7 |
| GADA detectable | 32 (44%) | |
| IA-2A detectable | 23 (32%) | |
| GADA and IA-2A antibodies detectable | 10 (14%) |
Values are given as mean±SD (range).
BMI SDS, body mass index SD score; GADA, glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies; IA-2A, islet antigen-2 antibodies.