Characteristics of Fremantle Diabetes Study Phase II participants who did not develop DKA during follow-up and those with a confirmed/probable episode
| No DKA | Confirmed/probable DKA | P value | |
| Number (%) | 1707 | 18 | |
| Age (years) | 63.9±13.5 | 56.0±19.3 | 0.10 |
| Male (%) | 52.0 | 55.6 | 0.82 |
| Ethnic background (%): Anglo-Celt | 54.5 | 33.3 | 0.08 |
| Southern European | 11.9 | 5.6 | |
| Other European | 7.0 | 16.7 | |
| Asian | 4.2 | 0 | |
| Aboriginal | 6.4 | 11.1 | |
| Mixed/Other | 15.9 | 33.3 | |
| Education (%): primary or lower | 12.7 | 5.6 | 0.76 |
| Secondary | 52.1 | 61.1 | |
| Some/Completed tertiary | 35.2 | 33.3 | |
| Age at diagnosis (years) | 52.9±15.1 | 35.8±14.2 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes duration (years)* | 10.0 (3.0–16.6) | 17.4 (9.3–28.9) | 0.007 |
| Diabetes type (%): type 1 | 7.4 | 50.0 | <0.001 |
| LADA | 4.9 | 11.1 | |
| Type 2 | 86.3 | 27.8 | |
| Secondary | 0.9 | 11.1 | |
| Monogenic | 0.5 | 0 | |
| Diabetes treatment (%): diet | 22.2 | 0 | <0.001 |
| Oral agents±non-insulin injectables | 49.1 | 5.6 | |
| Insulin±non-insulin injectables | 12.6 | 66.7 | |
| Insulin+other agents | 16.1 | 27.8 | |
| Smoking status (%): never | 43.2 | 33.3 | 0.26 |
| Ex-smoker | 46.1 | 44.4 | |
| Current | 10.7 | 22.2 | |
| Alcohol (standard drinks/day)* | 0.1 (0–1.2) | 0.9 (0–2.0) | 0.27 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 30.8±6.2 | 27.5±5.0 | 0.023 |
| Fasting serum glucose (mmol/L)* | 7.3 (6.2–9.1) | 7.0 (5.6–11.9) | 0.80 |
| HbA1c (%)* | 6.9 (6.3–7.8) | 8.7 (7.6–10.3) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol)* | 52 (45–62) | 72 (60–89) | <0.001 |
| Fasting serum C-peptide (pmol/L) | 168 (38–741) | 11 (2–67) | <0.001 |
| Severe hypoglycemia history (%) | 6.7 | 44.4 | <0.001 |
| Any retinopathy (%) | 39.7 | 62.5 | 0.08 |
| Urinary albumin:creatinine (mg/mmol)) | 3.2 (0.8–12.3) | 4.7 (0.8–26.2) | 0.24 |
| Peripheral sensory neuropathy (%) | 56.4 | 61.1 | 0.81 |
| eGFR (%) ≥90 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 40.8 | 52.9 | 0.021 |
| 60–89 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 42.7 | 17.6 | |
| 45–59 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 8.6 | 5.9 | |
| 30–44 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 5.2 | 23.5 | |
| <30 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 2.6 | 0 |
Data are percentages, mean±SD, geometric mean (SD range) or *median (IQR).
BMI, body mass index; DKA, diabetic ketoacidosis; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; LADA, latent autoimmune diabetes of adults.