Control (n=48) | D-GDM (n=12) | I-GDM (n=13) | P value | |
Maternal age (years) | 33 (26–41) (25)* | 37 (32–40) (9)* | 36 (28-37) (12) | 0.028 |
Nulliparous | 7 (28.0) (25) | 2 (22.2) (9) | 2 (18.2) (12) | 0.896 |
Maternal BMI (kg/m2) | 21.9 (19.6/24.4) (23)† | 21.6 (20.7/25.3) (8) | 29.8 (24.7/35.3) (11)† | 0.010 |
Gestational weight gain (GWG) (kg) | 14.5 (13.0/18.0) (22) | 13.3 (7.3/17.0) (8) | 10.5 (5.5/18.2) (12) | 0.188 |
GWG below IOM recommendations | 1 (4.5) (22) | 3 (37.5) (8) | 3 (27.3) (11) | 0.054 |
GWG above IOM recommendations | 10 (45.5) (22) | 2 (25.0) (8) | 6 (54.5) (11) | 0.494 |
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 118.0 (110.0/129.5) (27) | 119.0(111.0/135.0) (9) | 128.0 (122.0/137.0) (12) | 0.094 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 70.0 (68.0/73.5) (27) | 68.0 (60.0/81.0) (9) | 80.0(69.0/86.5) (12) | 0.127 |
Glucose challenge test | 6.3 (5.8/6.8) (20)†* | 8.8 (8.6/9.0) (6)* | 9.9 (8.5, 12.9) (6)† | <0.001 |
2-hour 75 g OGTT | ||||
Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) | — | 5.2 (4.8/5.5) (2) | 5.3 (5.1/5.6) (4) | 0.533 |
1-hour plasma glucose (mmol/L) | — | 10.3 (10.0/10.5) (2) | 11.6 (11.6/12.3) (3) | 0.200 |
2-hour plasma glucose (mmol/L) | — | 9.1 (8.7/9.5) (2) | 9.6 (8.3/11.0) (3) | 1.000 |
3-hour 100 g OGTT | ||||
Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 4.2 (4.0/4.3) (2)† | 4.4 (4.4/4.7) (5) | 5.9 (5.5/6.1) (3)† | 0.034 |
1-hour plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 7.42 (5.6/8.7) (2) | 11.5 (10.3/11.7) (5) | 13.0 (11.8/13.3) (3) | 0.063 |
2-hour plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 7.3 (6.7/7.8) (2) | 10.2 (9.5/10.9) (5) | 10.7 (9.1/11.2) (4) | 0.181 |
3-hour plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 5.8 (5.1/6.5) (2) | 6.7 (5.6/7.7) (5) | 6.0 (5.8/7.5) (4) | 0.718 |
HbA1c (%) | — | 5.0 (0.4) (5) | 6.0 (0.9) (9) | 0.035 |
HbA1c (mmol/mol) | — | 31.1 (2.7) (5) | 42.1 (6.3) (9) | 0.035 |
Delivery mode | 0.154 | |||
Vaginal delivery | 5 (17.9) (28) | 4 (33.3) (12) | 7 (53.8) (13) | |
Cesarean section without labor | 19 (67.9) (28) | 7 (58.3) (12) | 4 (30.8) (13) | |
Cesarean section after labor | 4 (14.3) (28) | 1 (8.3) (12) | 2 (15.4) (13) | |
Gestational age at birth (weeks) | 39.0 (38.6/39.5) (28)† | 39.3 (38.7/39.9) (9)‡ | 38.3 (37.7/38.5) (12)‡† | 0.011 |
Preterm delivery <37 weeks | 3 (10.7) (28) | 0 (0) (9) | 1 (8.3) (12) | 0.807 |
Fetal sex (male/female) | 14 (50.0)/14 (50.0) (28) | 7 (58.3)/5 (41.7) (12) | 8 (72.7) /3 (27.3) (11) | 0.345 |
Placental weight (g) | 640.0 (580.0/720.0) (25) | 635.0 (590.0/672.5) (8) | 650.0 (595.0/705.0) (11) | 0.859 |
Birth weight (g) | 3309.6 (486.7) (28) | 3244.6 (455.0) (11) | 3323.1 (479.7) (13) | 0.906 |
Relative birth weight (SD units) | 0.1 (0.8) | −0.1 (0.7) | 0.3 (1.0) | 0.553 |
Apgar score at 5 min | 9 (7–9) | 9 (9–9) | 9 (8–9) | 0.641 |
Values for continuous variables are mean (SD), median (25th/75th percentile or range) and for categorical variables frequencies (%). Number of subjects is shown in brackets if different. P values for pairwise comparisons are shown below the table.
*P<0.05 for controls versus D-GDM.
†P<0.05 for controls versus I-GDM.
‡P<0.05 for D-GDM versus I-GDM.
BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin A1C; IOM, Institute of Medicine; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test.