Childhood major glucose metabolism outcomes according to general and abdominal obesity status
| General obesity status | P value | Abdominal obesity status | P value | |||
| Normal weight | Overweight/obesity | Normal waist circumstance | Abdominal obesity | |||
| Subjects, n | 802 | 171 | 799 | 174 | ||
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 4.35±0.01 | 4.43±0.03 | 0.008 | 4.36±0.01 | 4.39±0.03 | 0.28 |
| Fasting insulin (mIU/L) | 2.44±0.07 | 3.75±0.15 | <0.001 | 2.49±0.07 | 3.51±0.15 | <0.001 |
| HOMA-IR* | −0.44±0.01 | −0.25±0.03 | <0.001 | −0.42±0.01 | −0.32±0.03 | <0.001 |
| HOMA-β* | 1.71±0.01 | 1.82±0.03 | <0.001 | 1.72±0.01 | 1.80±0.03 | 0.006 |
| Hyperglycemia | ||||||
| Cases, n (%) | 182 (22.7) | 60 (35.1) | 191 (23.9) | 51 (29.3) | ||
| OR (95% CI) | ||||||
| Model 1 | 1 | 1.74 (1.21 to 2.50) | 0.003 | 1 | 1.33 (0.91 to 1.93) | 0.14 |
| Model 2 | 1 | 1.58 (1.09 to 2.30) | 0.016 | 1 | 1.26 (0.85 to 1.85) | 0.25 |
| Model 3 | 1 | 1.56 (1.06 to 2.30) | 0.024 | 1 | 1.24 (0.84 to 1.83) | 0.29 |
| Insulin resistance | ||||||
| Cases, n (%) | 163 (20.3) | 79 (46.2) | 178 (22.3) | 64 (36.8) | ||
| OR (95% CI) | ||||||
| Model 1 | 1 | 3.68 (2.55 to 5.30) | <0.001 | 1 | 2.75 (1.89 to 4.00) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 | 1 | 3.41 (2.34 to 4.97) | <0.001 | 1 | 2.59 (1.76 to 3.82) | <0.001 |
| Model 3 | 1 | 3.44 (2.32 to 5.09) | <0.001 | 1 | 2.54 (1.71 to 3.76) | <0.001 |
| β-cell dysfunction | ||||||
| Cases, n (%) | 199 (24.8) | 28 (16.4) | 186 (23.3) | 41 (23.6) | ||
| OR (95% CI) | ||||||
| Model 1 | 1 | 0.63 (0.40 to 0.98) | 0.039 | 1 | 0.89 (0.59 to 1.32) | 0.55 |
| Model 2 | 1 | 0.63 (0.40 to 0.99) | 0.047 | 1 | 0.85 (0.56 to 1.28) | 0.44 |
| Model 3 | 1 | 0.65 (0.41 to 1.04) | 0.07 | 1 | 0.86 (0.57 to 1.31) | 0.49 |
Model 1 adjusted for children’s sex, age, birth weight, and feeding status.
Model 2 adjusted for variables in model 1 plus children’s screen time, sleep time, outside activity, daily energy intake, fiber, fat, protein and carbohydrate consumption.
Model 3 adjusted for variables in model 2 plus maternal delivery age, smoking status, education, gestational age at delivery, pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), weight gain during pregnancy, and hypertensive disorder of pregnancy.
HOMA-β was used to estimate β-cell secretory function.
*Data were log transformed. Differences in fasting glucose, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR and HOMA-β were calculated using general linear model, and adjusted for children’s age, sex, birth weight, feeding status, screen-watching time, sleep time, outside activity, daily energy intake, fiber, fat, protein and carbohydrate consumption. Means±SEs were presented.
HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance.