Participants with diabetes (ref. participants without diabetes) | DSME-ever participants (ref: DSME-never participants) | ||
OR* (95% CI)* | OR* (95% CI)* | ||
Fruit intake | At least once daily (ref: less than once daily) | 1.25 (1.08 to 1.45)† | 1.15 (0.87 to 1.53)† |
Vegetable intake | At least once daily (ref: less than once daily) | 1.13 (0.97 to 1.30)† | 0.97 (0.73 to 1.30)† |
Physical activity | Walking ≥30 min/day (ref:<30 min/day) | 1.01 (0.87 to 1.17)† | 1.19 (0.88 to 1.30)† |
Cycling ≥1 day/week (ref:<1 day/week) | 0.70 (0.59 to 0.84)† | 1.62 (1.15 to 2.30)† | |
Doing sports in general ≥1 day/week (ref:<1 day/week) | 0.74 (0.63 to 0.86)† | 1.16 (0.86 to 1.57)† | |
Doing sports in general ≥2 day/week (ref:<2 day/week) | 0.71 (0.62 to 0.82)† | 1.25 (0.90 to 1.73) | |
Endurance training ≥150 min/week & strength training twice/week (ref: no) | 0.59 (0.49 to 0.72)† | 1.41 (0.95 to 2.08)† | |
≥150 min aerobic PA/week including walking (ref.: less) | 0.69 (0.60 to 0.80)† | 1.42 (1.03 to 1.94)† | |
≥150 min aerobic PA/week without walking (ref: less) | 0.65 (0.56 to 0.76)† | 1.48 (1.08 to 2.03)† | |
Tobacco use | Smoking (ref. never-smoking) | 1.00 (0.81 to 1.23)‡ | 1.32 (0.87 to 2.00)‡ |
Ex-smokers (ref. never-smokers) | 1.28 (1.09 to 1.50)‡ | 1.39 (1.03 to 1.88)‡ | |
BMI | Overweight (ref. normal) | 2.09 (1.67 to 2.60)‡ | 0.97 (0.65 to 1.45)‡ |
Obesity (ref. normal) | 4.92 (3.95 to 6.12)‡ | 1.17 (0.79 to 1.74)‡ |
This table shows results of logistic regression analyses, dependent variables were lifestyle variables (fruit and vegetable intake, physical activity variables, smoking, BMI); DSME participation and diabetes as independent variables.
*All results are adjusted for age, sex, socioeconomic status, living together in marriage/as an unmarried couple or alone, limitation due to health problems for at least 6 months, occupational status, AKSU Index of self-efficacy and attentiveness to own health. Age, socioeconomic status [3 to 21], self-efficacy [1 to 5] and how much participants pay attention to their health [1 to 5] were included as continuous variables in the model. Categorial variables included in the model were: Sex (male/female), limitation due health problems for at least 6 months (high limitation/moderate limitation/none), occupational status [employed/unemployed/ retired or unable to work], living situation (as married or unmarried couple/ living alone] and how much participants do generally pay attention to their health [not at all/not so much/moderate/much/very much).
†Results were calculated using weighted multinomial logistic regression analyses, BMI categorization was according to WHO categorization16 as normal (<25 kg/m²), overweight (25-<30 kg/m²) and obese (≥30 kg/m²).
‡Results were calculated using binary weighted-logistic regression analyses.
BMI, body mass index; diabetes, diabetes mellitus; DSME, diabetes self-management education; PA, physical activity; SES, socioeconomic status.