Association between lifestyle variables and ever-participation in DSME—subgroup analyses for participants with diabetes 2 years and less or more than 2 years after diagnosis, respectively, estimated by logistic regression analyses
| Time after diagnosis ≤2 years N=233 | Time after diagnosis >2 years N=1044 | ||
| Ever-DSME participants ref: never-DSME participants | Ever-DSME participation ref. never-DSME participation | ||
| OR* (95% CI)* | OR* (95% CI)* | ||
| Fruit intake | At least once daily (ref: less than once daily) | 1.37 (0.72 to 2.59)† | 1.16 (0.83 to 1.62)† |
| Vegetable intake | At least once daily (ref: less than once daily) | 1.07 (0.54 to 2.11)† | 0.99 (0.70 to 1.39)† |
| Physical activity | Walking >30 min/day (ref:<30 min/day) | 1.08 (0.54 to 2.17)† | 1.30 (0.92 to 1.82)† |
| Cycling ≥1 day/week (ref:<1 day/week) | 2.55 (1.21 to 5.37)† | 1.52 (1.01 to 2.29)† | |
| Doing sports in general ≥1 day/week (ref:<1 day/week) | 1.67 (0.84 to 3.35)† | 1.03 (0.73 to 1.45)† | |
| Doing sports in general ≥2 day/week (ref:<2 day/week) | 1.49 (0.79 to 2.82)† | 1.20 (0.82 to 1.75)† | |
| Endurance training ≥150 min/week & strength training twice/week (ref: no) | 0.58 (0.21 to 1.56)† | 1.50 (0.96 to 2.34)† | |
| ≥150 min aerobic PA/week including walking (ref: less) | 1.28 (0.66 to 2.48)† | 1.49 (1.04 to 2.12)† | |
| ≥150 min aerobic PA/week without walking (ref: less) | 1.23 (0.60 to 2.52)† | 1.46 (1.01 to 2.12)† | |
| Tobacco use | Smoking (ref. never-smoking) | 2.84 (0.92 to 8.79)‡ | 1.26 (0.78 to 2.06)‡ |
| Ex-smokers (ref. never-smokers) | 1.17 (0.59 to 2.32)‡ | 1.71 (1.21 to 2.41)‡ | |
| BMI | Overweight (ref. normal) | 1.04 (0.39 to 2.79)‡ | 0.96 (0.61 to 1.51)‡ |
| Obesity (ref. normal) | 1.61 (0.65 to 3.99)‡ | 1.19 (0.76 to 1.85)‡ | |
This table shows the results of logistic regression analyses. Dependent variables: lifestyle variables (fruit and vegetable intake, physical activity variables, smoking, BMI); DSME-participation and diabetes as independent variables stratified according to time after diabetes diagnosis until survey time into patients ≤2 years after diagnosis (≤2Y group) and >2 years (>2Y group) after diagnosis. In the ≤2Y group were n=102 ever-DSME participants and n=131 ever-DSME participants. In the >2 Y group were n=699 ever-DSME participants and n=345 never-DSME participants. All logistic regressions were calculated for each subgroup separately.
*All results are adjusted for age, sex, socioeconomic status, living together in marriage/as an unmarried couple or alone, limitation health problems for at least 6 months, occupational status, AKSU Index of self-efficacy and attentiveness to own health. Age, socioeconomic status [3 to 21], self-efficacy [1 to 5] and how much participants pay attention to their health [1 to 5] were included as continuous variables in the model. Categorial variables included in the model were: Sex (male/female), limitation due to health problems for at least 6 months (high limitation/moderate limitation/ none), occupational status (employed/unemployed/retired or unable to work), living situation (as married or unmarried couple/living alone) and how much participants do generally pay attention to their health (not at all/not so much/moderate/much/very much). BMI categorization according to WHO categorization as normal (<25 kg/m²), overweight (25-<30 kg/m²) and obese (≥30 kg/m²).16
†Results were calculated using binary weighted-logistic regression analyses.
‡Results were calculated using weighted multinomial logistic regression analyses. N of both subgroups=1277.
BMI, body mass index; DSME, diabetes self-management education program.