Summary of changes in glucose, insulin, interactive 24-variable homeostatic model of assessment in default mode (HOMA2) beta cell function (%B) and insulin sensitivity (%S), glucagon, GLP-1, oxyntomodulin, glicentin, GIP during MMT before surgery (Pre), 1 month, 3 months and 12 months after surgery
| Pre | 1 month | 3 months | 12 months | ||
| Glucose | Fasting (mmol/L) | 8.2 (7.2, 9.2) | 5.8 (5.4, 6.4)*** | 5.6 (5.2, 6.0)*** | 5.0 (4.6, 5.3)**** |
| Cmax (mmol/L) | 11.4 (9.9,12.9) | 9.7 (8.4, 11.0) | 9.9 (8.8, 11.0)* | 9.5 (8.6, 10.4) | |
| Tmax (min) | 60 (0–180) | 30 (15–60) | 30 (15–60) | 22.5 (15–30) | |
| AUC0–180 (mmol·min/L) | 1731 (1489, 1973) | 1211 (1036, 1385)** | 1162 (1051, 1272)**** | 1008 (948, 1069)**** | |
| Insulin | Fasting (mU/L) | 19.5 (15.9, 23.1) | 5.8 (5.3, 6.4)**** | 10.3 (6.8, 13.8)**** | 6.6 (4.8, 8.3)**** |
| Cmax (mU/L) | 86.2 (67.5, 104.8) | 155.7 (60.7, 250.6) | 141.3 (95.5, 187.1)* | 133.8 (97.7, 169.9)** | |
| Tmax (min) | 60 (15–180) | 45 (15–60) | 30 (15–120) | 30 (15–60) | |
| AUC0–180 (mU·min/L) | 9614 (7626, 11 601) | 10 698 (4839, 16 556) | 9172 (5936, 12 407) | 7288 (5239, 9336)* | |
| HOMA2 %B | Fasting | 80.5 (63.6, 97.5) | 91.66 (73.7, 109.6) | 88.84 (75.5, 102.2) | 88.16 (70.8, 105.5) |
| HOMA2 %S | Fasting | 42.2 (34.0, 50.3) | 87.5 (53.9, 121.0)** | 102.1 (73.0, 131.3)*** | 149.2 (113.1, 185.3)**** |
| Glucagon | Fasting (pmol/L) | 10.7 (8.9, 12.5) | 10.2 (7.2, 13.3) | 6.2 (4.8, 7.7)**** | 6.2 (4.5, 7.8)*** |
| Cmax (pmol/L) | 19.5 (15.7, 23.3) | 21.0 (11.8, 30.2) | 14.8 (11.8, 17.7)* | 15.1 (11.7, 18.6) | |
| Tmax (min) | 30 (15–120) | 15 (0–30) | 15 (0–180) | 15 (15–120) | |
| AUC0–180 (pmol·min/L) | 2177 (1787, 2566) | 1896 (1415, 2377) | 1438 (1214, 1662)**** | 1445 (1172, 1718)** | |
| Inc AUC0–180 (pmol·min/L) | 576 (445, 707) | 757 (483, 1030) | 596 (455, 738) | 510 (379, 640) | |
| GLP-1 | Fasting (pmol/L) | 3.9 (1.9, 5.8) | 2.6 (0.7, 4.4) | 4.3 (2.4, 6.3) | 4.0 (1.6, 6.3) |
| Cmax (pmol/L) | 11.4 (8.2, 14.6) | 39.1 (27.0, 51.2)*** | 56.2 (41.7, 70.8)**** | 72.6 (56.6, 88.6)**** | |
| Tmax (min) | 30 (15–180) | 30 (15–30) | 30 (15–60) | 15 (15–30) | |
| AUC0–180 (pmol·min/L) | 1021 (743, 1299) | 3020 (2013, 4027)** | 4058 (3209, 4907)**** | 4141 (3594, 4687)**** | |
| Oxyntomodulin | Fasting (pmol/L) | 12.2 (8.9, 15.5) | 13.8 (10.8, 16.8) | 14.0 (10.9, 17.1) | 12.3 (10.1, 14.5) |
| Cmax (pmol/L) | 31.7 (20.1, 43.2) | 53.6 (45.1, 62.0) | 70.3 (56.3, 84.3)*** | 63.8 (55.1, 72.6)*** | |
| Tmax (min) | 60 (0–180) | 30 (15–60) | 30 (15–60) | 30 (15–120) | |
| AUC0–180 (pmol·min/L) | 3730 (2145, 4315) | 6410 (5260, 7559)** | 6445 (4975, 7916)** | 5645 (4522, 6768)* | |
| Glicentin | Fasting (pmol/L) | 22.3 (16.3, 28.4) | N/A | 29.6 (22.6, 36.6) | 32.9 (24.0, 41.8) |
| Cmax (pmol/L) | 63.1 (44.4, 81.9) | N/A | 351.0 (297.3, 404.8)**** | 404.5 (357.1, 452.0)**** | |
| Tmax (min) | 30 (0–180) | N/A | 30 (15–120) | 30 (15–120) | |
| AUC0–180 (pmol·min/L) | 7498 (5752, 9245) | N/A | 39 604 (30 642, 48 567)**** | 43 191 (37 179, 49 204)**** | |
| GIP | Fasting (pmol/L) | 29.8 (6.0, 53.7) | 11.0 (6.0, 15.9) | 19.6 (0.8, 38.3)* | 13.2 (8.9, 17.5) |
| Cmax (pmol/L) | 150.6 (111.3, 189.9) | 131.6 (90.3, 172.9) | 144.2 (107.3, 181.0) | 132.8 (90.5, 175.2) | |
| Tmax (min) | 30 (0–180) | 30 (15–60) | 30 (15–60) | 15 (15–60) | |
| AUC0–180 (pmol·min/L) | 12 610 (9282, 15 938) | 10 756 (6627, 14 885) | 11 356 (8077, 14 637) | 10 200 (7167, 13 232) |
Means and (95% CI) are shown for peak value (Cmax), time of peak value (Tmax), area under the curve from 0 to 180 min (AUC0–180), incremental AUC from baseline (Inc AUC0–180) except for Tmax which are noted as median (range). Mixed-model analysis, Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test for comparison between Pre and indicated time point after surgery.
*P<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001; ****p<0.0001.
AUC, area under the curve; GIP, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1; MMT, mixed-meal test; N/A, not applicable.