Events (n) | Unadjusted | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |
GDM total | ||||||
Q1 (n=41 015) | 1484 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Q2 (n=41 011) | 1621 | 1.10 (1.02 to 1.18) | 1.10 (1.03 to 1.19) | 1.10 (1.02 to 1.18) | 1.10 (1.02 to 1.18) | 1.10 (1.02 to 1.18) |
Q3 (n=41 012) | 1656 | 1.12 (1.04 to 1.20) | 1.14 (1.06 to 1.22) | 1.12 (1.04 to 1.21) | 1.12 (1.04 to 1.20) | 1.13 (1.05 to 1.27) |
Q4 (n=41 015) | 1866 | 1.27 (1.18 to 1.36) | 1.30 (1.21 to 1.39) | 1.27 (1.19 to 1.37) | 1.27 (1.18 to 1.36) | 1.22 (1.14 to 1.31) |
P value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
P for linear trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
GDM without insulin | ||||||
Q1 (n=40 854) | 1323 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Q2 (n=40 826) | 1436 | 1.09 (1.01 to 1.18) | 1.10 (1.02 to 1.18) | 1.09 (1.01 to 1.18) | 1.09 (1.01 to 1.18) | 1.09 (1.01 to 1.18) |
Q3 (n=40 815) | 1459 | 1.11 (1.03 to 1.20) | 1.12 (1.04 to 1.21) | 1.11 (1.03 to 1.20) | 1.11 (1.03 to 1.20) | 1.12 (1.04 to 1.21) |
Q4 (n=40 739) | 1590 | 1.21 (1.13 to 1.31) | 1.24 (1.15 to 1.33) | 1.22 (1.13 to 1.32) | 1.22 (1.13 to 1.32) | 1.19 (1.10 to 1.28) |
P value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
P for linear trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
GDM with insulin | ||||||
Q1 (n=39 692) | 161 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Q2 (n=39 575) | 185 | 1.15 (0.93 to 1.43) | 1.17 (0.94 to 1.44) | 1.14 (0.92 to 1.41) | 1.13 (0.91 to 1.39) | 1.13 (0.92 to 1.40) |
Q3 (n=39 553) | 197 | 1.23 (1.00 to 1.51) | 1.25 (1.02 to 1.54) | 1.21 (0.98 to 1.49) | 1.18 (0.96 to 1.46) | 1.20 (0.98 to 1.49) |
Q4 (n=39 425) | 276 | 1.73 (1.43 to 2.10) | 1.78 (1.47 to 2.17) | 1.70 (1.39 to 2.06) | 1.66 (1.36 to 2.01) | 1.48 (1.21 to 1.80) |
P value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
P for linear trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Model 1: adjusted for age.
Model 2: adjusted for model 1 plus body mass index.
Model 3: adjusted for model 2 plus smoking status, alcohol consumption, regular exercise, family history of diabetes.
Model 4: adjusted for model 3 plus mean fasting plasma glucose.
FPG, fasting plasma glucose; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; VIM, variability independent of the mean.