Test meal (TM) and subsequent standard meal (SSM) incremental areas under the curve (iAUCs) of postprandial responses for various substrates and hormones
| Variable | MT | GI | N | TM | SSM | ||||||||
| Mean | SD | Comparison | Contrast | P value† | Mean | SD | Comparison | Contrast | P value† | ||||
| Glucose | BR | Hi | 34 | 481.99 | 192.50 | Hi vs Lo (overall) | 142.01 | <0.0001 | 140.70 | 155.36 | Hi vs Lo (overall) | 70.96 | <0.01 |
| Lo | 34 | 378.64 | 158.75 | Di vs Br (overall) | 245.75 | <0.0001 | 93.83 | 156.48 | Di vs Br (overall) | 155.78 | <0.0001 | ||
| DI | Hi | 34 | 766.40 | 320.61 | Br: Hi vs Lo | 103.35 | <0.05 | 320.57 | 151.72 | Br: Hi vs Lo | 46.87 | 0.1836 | |
| Lo | 34 | 585.74 | 215.50 | Di: Hi vs Lo | 180.66 | <0.0001 | 225.52 | 108.36 | Di: Hi vs Lo | 95.05 | <0. 01 | ||
| Hi: Di vs Br | 284.40 | <0.0001 | Hi: Di vs Br | 179.88 | <0.0001 | ||||||||
| Lo: Di vs Br | 207.10 | <0.0001 | Lo: Di vs Br | 131.69 | <0.001 | ||||||||
| Insulin | BR | Hi | 34 | 5643.62 | 3093.41 | Hi vs Lo (overall) | 2729.25 | <0.0001 | 2447.71 | 1651.66 | Hi vs Lo (overall) | −232.46 | 0.4477 |
| Lo | 34 | 3269.08 | 2073.61 | Di vs Br (overall) | 865.96 | <0.05 | 3454.72 | 2338.81 | Di vs Br (overall) | 2462.41 | <0.0001 | ||
| DI | Hi | 34 | 6864.29 | 3714.81 | Br: Hi vs Lo | 2374.54 | <0.0001 | 5684.67 | 3420.26 | Br: Hi vs Lo* | −1007.01 | <0.05 | |
| Lo | 34 | 3692.37 | 2039.35 | Di: Hi vs Lo | 3083.97 | <0.0001 | 5141.35 | 2288.56 | Di: Hi vs Lo* | 542.09 | 0.2398 | ||
| Hi: Di vs Br | 1220.67 | <0.05 | Hi: Di vs Br* | 3236.96 | <0.0001 | ||||||||
| Lo: Di vs Br | 511.24 | 0.3481 | Lo: Di vs Br* | 1687.85 | <0.001 | ||||||||
| Triglycerides | BR | Hi | 34 | 3.98 | 7.93 | Hi vs Lo (overall) | 0.77 | 0.7772 | 53.62 | 27.28 | Hi vs Lo (overall) | 7.21 | <0.05 |
| Lo | 34 | 2.58 | 3.60 | Di vs Br (overall) | 9.66 | <0.001 | 42.93 | 21.43 | Di vs Br (overall) | −13.42 | <0.001 | ||
| DI | Hi | 34 | 13.02 | 18.47 | Br: Hi vs Lo | 1.40 | 0.7465 | 36.72 | 36.57 | Br: Hi vs Lo | 10.69 | <0.05 | |
| Lo | 34 | 12.87 | 18.88 | Di: Hi vs Lo | 0.15 | 0.9645 | 32.99 | 30.08 | Di: Hi vs Lo | 3.73 | 0.4473 | ||
| Hi: Di vs Br | 9.04 | <0.05 | Hi: Di vs Br | −16.90 | <0.01 | ||||||||
| Lo: Di vs Br | 10.29 | <0.01 | Lo: Di vs Br | −9.94 | <0.05 | ||||||||
| Free fatty acids | BR | Hi | 29 | −59504.89 | 26 273.50 | Hi vs Lo (overall) | −3703.86 | 0.3504 | 496.98 | 7870.64 | Hi vs Lo (overall) | −3967.37 | 0.1552 |
| Lo | 30 | −50405.09 | 18 057.99 | Di vs Br (overall) | 8766.81 | <0.05 | −3446.39 | 7360.76 | Di vs Br (overall) | −56096.50 | <0.0001 | ||
| DI | Hi | 29 | −45272.73 | 22 182.40 | Br: Hi vs Lo | −8909.32 | 0.1022 | −63524.99 | 24 943.72 | Br: Hi vs Lo* | 4231.63 | 0.2678 | |
| Lo | 29 | −46774.32 | 26 604.49 | Di: Hi vs Lo | 1501.59 | 0.7772 | −51358.61 | 17 701.28 | Di: Hi vs Lo* | −12166.38 | <0.01 | ||
| Hi: Di vs Br | 13 972.27 | <0.05 | Hi: Di vs Br* | −64295.50 | <0.0001 | ||||||||
| Lo: Di vs Br | 3561.36 | 0.5193 | Lo: Di vs Br* | −47897.49 | <0.0001 | ||||||||
| Glucagon | BR | Hi | 34 | −637.76 | 354.44 | Hi vs Lo (overall) | −118.79 | 0.1233 | 647.97 | 374.81 | Hi vs Lo (overall) | 111.58 | <0.05 |
| Lo | 34 | −564.90 | 333.75 | Di vs Br (overall) | −126.52 | 0.1022 | 317.80 | 293.40 | Di vs Br (overall) | −435.34 | <0.0001 | ||
| DI | Hi | 34 | −820.98 | 502.17 | Br: Hi vs Lo | −93.00 | 0.3889 | −48.14 | 395.24 | Br: Hi vs Lo* | 347.53 | <0.0001 | |
| Lo | 34 | −671.83 | 589.98 | Di: Hi vs Lo | −144.58 | 0.1878 | 77.36 | 447.54 | Di: Hi vs Lo* | −124.36 | 0.1195 | ||
| Hi: Di vs Br | −152.31 | 0.1653 | Hi: Di vs Br* | −671.28 | <0.0001 | ||||||||
| Lo: Di vs Br | −100.73 | 0.3619 | Lo: Di vs Br* | −199.39 | <0.05 | ||||||||
Linear mixed models were used to compare the iAUCs following TM according to the GI and MT in a 2×2 analyses. Significance was set at p<0.05.
‘Hi vs Lo overall’—when dinner and breakfast combined. ‘Di vs Br overall’—when high and low GI combined.
Bold values are statistically significant.
*Adjustments for multiplicity was done using the False Discovery Rate method.
†Only when GI:MT interaction significant, subgroup analyses are shown in italics.
BR, breakfast; DI, dinner; GI, glycemic index; Hi, high GI; Lo, low GI; MT, meal time; N, number.