Combined total areas under the curves (tAUCs) of test meals (TM) and subsequent standard meal (SSM) postprandial responses for various substrates and hormones
| Variable | Meal time | GI | N | Mean | SD | Comparison | Contrast | P value† |
| Glucose | BR | Hi | 34 | 2493.32 | 334.44 | Hi vs Lo (overall) | 181.11 | <0.0001 |
| Lo | 34 | 2423.70 | 328.43 | Di vs Br (overall) | 296.81 | <0.0001 | ||
| DI | Hi | 34 | 2901.62 | 442.64 | Br: Hi vs Lo* | 69.63 | 0.1906 | |
| Lo | 34 | 2609.02 | 306.35 | Di: Hi vs Lo* | 292.60 | <0.0001 | ||
| Hi: Di vs Br* | 408.29 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Lo: Di vs Br* | 185.32 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Insulin | BR | Hi | 34 | 11 425.73 | 6261.91 | Hi vs Lo (overall) | 2686.65 | <0.0001 |
| Lo | 34 | 9516.74 | 4963.53 | Di vs Br (overall) | 1572.55 | <0.01 | ||
| DI | Hi | 34 | 13 775.94 | 6962.72 | Br: Hi vs Lo | 1908.99 | <0.01 | |
| Lo | 34 | 10 126.83 | 4127.53 | Di: Hi vs Lo | 3464.31 | <0.0001 | ||
| Hi: Di vs Br | 2350.21 | <0.01 | ||||||
| Lo: Di vs Br | 794.89 | 0.3125 | ||||||
| Triglycerides | BR | Hi | 34 | 421.39 | 156.72 | Hi vs Lo (overall) | −3.30 | 0.9097 |
| Lo | 34 | 395.60 | 155.64 | Di vs Br (overall) | 158.25 | <0.0001 | ||
| DI | Hi | 34 | 550.54 | 278.76 | Br: Hi vs Lo | 25.79 | 0.5690 | |
| Lo | 34 | 582.93 | 404.90 | Di: Hi vs Lo | −32.39 | 0.4981 | ||
| Hi: Di vs Br | 129.16 | <0.01 | ||||||
| Lo: Di vs Br | 187.33 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Free fatty acids | BR | Hi | 29 | 44 669.53 | 14 708.28 | Hi vs Lo (overall) | −2131.99 | 0.4862 |
| Lo | 30 | 50 423.81 | 17 067.00 | Di vs Br (overall) | 36 217.11 | <0.0001 | ||
| DI | Hi | 29 | 84 738.51 | 17 216.24 | Br: Hi vs Lo | −5761.22 | 0.1680 | |
| Lo | 29 | 83 241.27 | 18 907.22 | Di: Hi vs Lo | 1497.24 | 0.7035 | ||
| Hi: Di vs Br | 39 846.33 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Lo: Di vs Br | 32 587.88 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Glucagon | BR | Hi | 34 | 1601.86 | 560.85 | Hi vs Lo (overall) | −81.57 | 0.1906 |
| Lo | 34 | 1563.72 | 570.10 | Di vs Br (overall) | 207.56 | <0.001 | ||
| DI | Hi | 34 | 1638.99 | 659.15 | Br: Hi vs Lo* | 55.67 | 0.5241 | |
| Lo | 34 | 1885.22 | 766.10 | Di: Hi vs Lo* | −218.82 | <0.001 | ||
| Hi: Di vs Br* | 70.31 | 0.4604 | ||||||
| Lo: Di vs Br* | 344.80 | <0.0001 |
Linear mixed models were used to compare the combined tAUCs following TM+SSM according to the GI and MT in a 2×2 analyses. Significance was set at p<0.05.
‘Hi vs Lo overall’—when dinner and breakfast combined. ‘Di vs Br overall’—when high and low GI combined.
Bold values are statistically significant.
*Only when GI:MT interaction significant, subgroup analyses are shown in italics.
†Adjustments for multiplicity was done using the False Discovery Rate method.
BR, breakfast; DI, dinner; GI, glycemic index; Hi, high GI; Lo, low GI; MT, meal time; N, number.