Overall | Any Rx | No Rx | |
360 437 | 347 313 | 13 124 | |
Mortality | 28 752 (8.0) | 27 703 (8.0) | 1049 (8.0) |
Censored at HMO entry | 50 824 (14.1) | 48 582 (14.0) | 2242 (17.1) |
Censored at disenrollment | 33 (0.0) | 31 (0.0) | 2 (0.0) |
Censored at 31 December 2016 | 280 828 (77.9) | 270 997 (78.0) | 9831 (74.9) |
Years to the end of follow-up, median (total) | 4.0 (1 587 857) | 4.0 (1 538 315) | 3.4 (49 542) |
Crude death rate, 1000 person-years | 18.11 | 18.01 | 21.17 |
Metformin* | 709.0 (59.4%; 347.0–1254.0) | 709.0 (61.6%; 347.0–1254.0) | N/A |
Insulin* | 518.0 (20.9%; 212.0–995.0) | 518.0 (21.7%; 212.0–995.0) | N/A |
Sulfonylurea* | 633.0 (30.4%; 278.0–1192.0) | 633.0 (31.5%; 278.0–1192.0) | N/A |
Thiazolidinedione* | 437.0 (9.8%; 174.0–895.0) | 437.0 (10.2%; 174.0–895.0) | N/A |
GLP-1 agonist* | 275.0 (5.5%; 90.0–625.0) | 275.0 (5.7%; 90.0–625.0) | N/A |
DPP-4 inhibitor* | 409.0 (16.6%; 150.0–857.0) | 409.0 (17.2%; 150.0–857.0) | N/A |
SGLT-2 inhibitor* | 210.0 (3.8%; 90.0–438.0) | 210.0 (3.9%; 90.0–438.0) | N/A |
Other DM Rx* | 270.0 (2.1%; 90.0–656.0) | 270.0 (2.2%; 90.0–656.0) | N/A |
All antihypertensive* | 1098.0 (88.5%; 594.0–1725.0) | 1098.0 (91.8%; 594.0–1725.0) | N/A |
Thiazide/Thiazide-like diuretics* | 758.0 (43.2%; 340.0–1343.0) | 758.0 (44.8%; 340.0–1343.0) | N/A |
Beta-blocker* | 839.0 (52.5%; 380.0–1418.0) | 839.0 (54.4%; 380.0–1418.0) | N/A |
DHP CCB* | 686.0 (33.1%; 287.0–1279.0) | 686.0 (34.4%; 287.0–1279.0) | N/A |
Non-DHP CCB* | 614.0 (8.6%; 180.0–1257.0) | 614.0 (8.8%; 180.0–1258.0) | N/A |
ACE inhibitor* | 761.0 (54.9%; 340.0–1356.0) | 761.0 (57.0%; 340.0–1356.0) | N/A |
ARB* | 787.0 (33.8%; 360.0–1344.0) | 787.0 (35.1%; 360.0–1344.0) | N/A |
Statin* | 875.0 (76.6%; 425.0–1434.0) | 875.0 (79.5%; 425.0–1434.0) | N/A |
Female | 194 795 (54.0) | 187 536 (54.0) | 7259 (55.3) |
White | 269 442 (74.8) | 259 844 (74.8) | 9598 (73.1) |
Black | 37 883 (10.5) | 36 626 (10.5) | 1257 (9.6) |
Hispanic | 29 870 (8.3) | 28 643 (8.2) | 1227 (9.3) |
Asian | 12 299 (3.4) | 11 730 (3.4) | 569 (4.3) |
Other | 10 943 (3.0) | 10 470 (3.0) | 473 (3.6) |
Ever dual | 80 471 (22.3) | 77 574 (22.3) | 2897 (22.1) |
Non-dual LIS | 10 672 (3.0) | 10 172 (2.9) | 500 (3.8) |
Non-dual no LIS | 269 294 (74.7) | 259 567 (74.7) | 9727 (74.1) |
Rural | 80 703 (22.4) | 78 576 (22.6) | 2127 (16.2) |
AMI | 14 983 (4.2) | 14 853 (4.3) | 130 (1.0) |
Atrial fibrillation | 42 500 (11.8) | 41 896 (12.1) | 604 (4.6) |
Cataract | 175 618 (48.7) | 169 707 (48.9) | 5911 (45.0) |
Chronic kidney disease | 146 764 (40.7) | 144 270 (41.5) | 2494 (19.0) |
COPD | 79 115 (21.9) | 76 846 (22.1) | 2269 (17.3) |
Heart failure | 79 988 (22.2) | 78 529 (22.6) | 1459 (11.1) |
Glaucoma | 65 555 (18.2) | 63 644 (18.3) | 1911 (14.6) |
Hip/Pelvic fracture | 4350 (1.2) | 4180 (1.2) | 170 (1.3) |
Ischemic heart disease | 160 758 (44.6) | 157 426 (45.3) | 3332 (25.4) |
Depression | 104 652 (29.0) | 101 620 (29.3) | 3032 (23.1) |
Alzheimer’s disease or senile dementia | 25 088 (7.0) | 24 217 (7.0) | 871 (6.6) |
Osteoporosis | 38 922 (10.8) | 36 905 (10.6) | 2017 (15.4) |
Rheumatoid arthritis/osteoarthritis | 172 835 (48.0) | 167 316 (48.2) | 5519 (42.1) |
Stroke/Transient ischemic attack | 36 690 (10.2) | 36 002 (10.4) | 688 (5.2) |
Breast cancer | 17 238 (4.8) | 16 640 (4.8) | 598 (4.6) |
Colorectal cancer | 7726 (2.1) | 7433 (2.1) | 293 (2.2) |
Prostate cancer | 15 338 (4.3) | 14 767 (4.3) | 571 (4.4) |
Lung cancer | 7172 (2.0) | 6926 (2.0) | 246 (1.9) |
Endometrial cancer | 3863 (1.1) | 3730 (1.1) | 133 (1.0) |
Anemia | 175 610 (48.7) | 169 104 (48.7) | 6506 (49.6) |
Asthma | 53 481 (14.8) | 51 871 (14.9) | 1610 (12.3) |
Hyperlipidemia | 321 286 (89.1) | 312 745 (90.0) | 8541 (65.1) |
Hyperplasia | 59 028 (16.4) | 57 157 (16.5) | 1871 (14.3) |
Hypertension | 329 422 (91.4) | 322 233 (92.8) | 7189 (54.8) |
Hypothyroidism | 96 026 (26.6) | 92 458 (26.6) | 3568 (27.2) |
Anxiety disorders | 69 435 (19.3) | 67 153 (19.3) | 2282 (17.4) |
Bipolar disorder | 10 044 (2.8) | 9671 (2.8) | 373 (2.8) |
Major depressive affective disorder | 79 744 (22.1) | 77 460 (22.3) | 2284 (17.4) |
Personality disorders | 3900 (1.1) | 3741 (1.1) | 159 (1.2) |
Schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders | 11 212 (3.1) | 10 805 (3.1) | 407 (3.1) |
Epilepsy | 8680 (2.4) | 8353 (2.4) | 327 (2.5) |
Cystic fibrosis and other metabolic developmental disorders | 5997 (1.7) | 5742 (1.7) | 255 (1.9) |
Fibromyalgia, chronic pain and fatigue | 84 025 (23.3) | 81 316 (23.4) | 2709 (20.6) |
Viral hepatitis (general) | 6278 (1.7) | 5953 (1.7) | 325 (2.5) |
Liver disease cirrhosis and other liver conditions (excluding hepatitis) | 39 825 (11.0) | 38 546 (11.1) | 1279 (9.7) |
Leukemias and lymphomas | 6764 (1.9) | 6496 (1.9) | 268 (2.0) |
Migraine and other chronic headache | 11 945 (3.3) | 11 479 (3.3) | 466 (3.6) |
Mobility impairments | 14 369 (4.0) | 14 020 (4.0) | 349 (2.7) |
Obesity | 128 167 (35.6) | 125 704 (36.2) | 2463 (18.8) |
Peripheral vascular disease | 69 902 (19.4) | 68 420 (19.7) | 1482 (11.3) |
Tobacco use disorders | 46 486 (12.9) | 45 073 (13.0) | 1413 (10.8) |
Pressure ulcers and chronic ulcers | 29 011 (8.0) | 28 290 (8.1) | 721 (5.5) |
Sensory—deafness and hearing impairment | 27 860 (7.7) | 26 962 (7.8) | 898 (6.8) |
Data represented as N (%) unless otherwise noted.
*Data represent median days on Rx (%patients on Rx, IQR of median days on Rx).
AMI, acute myocardial infarction; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; CCB, calcium-channel blocker; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DHP, dihydropyridine; DM, diabetes medications; DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1; HMO, health maintenance organization; LIS, low-income subsidy; N/A, not available; SGLT-2, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2.