The baseline characteristics of survivors and non-survivors in patients with severe covid-19 with diabetes
| Total (n=48) | Survivors (n=9) | Non-survivors (n=39) | P value* | |
| Number (%) | Number (%) | Number (%) | ||
| Age, mean±SD, years | 69.4±9.9 | 64.7±7.3 | 70.5±10.1 | 0.112 |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 33 (68.8) | 3 (33.3) | 30 (76.9) | 0.032 |
| Female | 15 (31.3) | 6 (66.7) | 9 (23.1) | |
| Diabetes duration, median (IQR), years | 2 (1 to 5) | 0.5 (0.5 to 2.5) | 2 (1 to 5) | 0.021 |
| Medicine control for diabetes† | ||||
| No medication | 20/34 (58.8) | 6/9 (66.7) | 14/25 (56.0) | 0.266 |
| Oral medication | 10/34 (29.4) | 3/9 (33.3) | 7/25 (28.0) | |
| Insulin | 4/34 (11.8) | 0/9 (0.0) | 4/25 (16.0) | |
| Glycated hemoglobin, % | ||||
| <7.0 | 17 (35.4) | 4 (44.4) | 13 (33.3) | 0.852 |
| ≥7.0,<8.0 | 16 (33.3) | 2 (22.2) | 14 (35.9) | |
| ≥8.0,<9.0 | 11 (22.9) | 2 (22.2) | 9 (23.1) | |
| ≥9.0 | 4 (8.3) | 1 (11.1) | 3 (7.7) | |
| Symptoms | ||||
| Fever | 43 (89.6) | 7 (77.8) | 36 (92.3) | 0.496 |
| Cough | 37 (77.1) | 3 (33.3) | 34 (87.2) | 0.002 |
| Dyspnea | 33 (68.8) | 3 (33.3) | 30 (76.9) | 0.032 |
| Diarrhea | 10 (20.8) | 4 (44.4) | 6 (15.4) | 0.139 |
| Nausea | 2 (4.2) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (5.1) | 1.000 |
| Anorexia | 21 (43.8) | 2 (22.2) | 19 (48.7) | 0.284 |
| Headache | 5 (10.4) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (12.8) | 0.568 |
| Fatigue | 28 (58.3) | 4 (44.4) | 24 (61.5) | 0.574 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Hypertension | 24 (50.0) | 3 (33.3) | 21 (53.8) | 0.460 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 13 (27.1) | 2 (22.2) | 11 (28.2) | 1.000 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 5 (10.4) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (12.8) | 0.568 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 4 (8.3) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (10.3) | 1.000 |
| Exposure to disease | 17 (35.4) | 6 (66.7) | 11 (28.2) | 0.074 |
| ICU patients | 32 (66.7) | 0 (0.0) | 32 (82.1) | <0.001 |
| Glucocorticoid treatment | 39 (81.3) | 4 (44.4) | 35 (89.7) | 0.008 |
| Mechanical ventilation treatment‡ | 39 (81.3) | 1 (11.1) | 38 (97.4) | <0.001 |
| Length of hospital stay, median (IQR), days | 10 (6 to 13) | 14 (11 to 18) | 9 (6 to 12) | 0.004 |
*P values indicate differences between survivors and non-survivors. A value of p<0.05 was considered statistically significant.
†Data were expressed as n/N (%), where N indicated available total cases.
‡Non-invasive and invasive mechanical ventilation were included. Non-invasive mechanical ventilation included bilevel positive airway pressure ventilation or high-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy.
ICU, intensive care unit.