The characteristics of patients with severe covid-19 with or without diabetes
| Total (n=193) | Diabetes (n=48) | Non-diabetes (n=145) | P value* | |
| Number (%) | Number (%) | Number (%) | ||
| Age, median (IQR), years | 64 (49 to 73) | 70 (62 to 77) | 60 (43 to 71) | <0.001 |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 114 (59.1) | 33 (68.8) | 81 (55.9) | 0.115 |
| Female | 79 (40.9) | 15 (31.3) | 64 (44.1) | |
| Symptoms | ||||
| Fever | 173 (89.6) | 43 (89.6) | 130 (89.7) | 0.989 |
| Cough | 135 (69.9) | 37 (77.1) | 98 (67.6) | 0.214 |
| Dyspnea | 115 (59.6) | 33 (68.8) | 82 (56.6) | 0.136 |
| Pectoralgia | 10 (5.2) | 1 (2.1) | 9 (6.2) | 0.458 |
| Diarrhea | 51 (26.4) | 10 (20.8) | 41 (28.3) | 0.311 |
| Nausea | 14 (7.3) | 2 (4.2) | 12 (8.3) | 0.528 |
| Vomiting | 5 (2.6) | 2 (4.2) | 3 (2.1) | 0.788 |
| Anorexia | 68 (35.2) | 21 (43.8) | 47 (32.4) | 0.154 |
| Headache | 21 (10.9) | 5 (10.4) | 16 (11.0) | 0.905 |
| Fatigue | 101 (52.3) | 28 (58.3) | 73 (50.3) | 0.337 |
| Comorbidities | 94 (48.7) | 29 (60.4) | 65 (44.8) | 0.061 |
| Hypertension | 73 (37.8) | 24 (50.0) | 49 (33.8) | 0.045 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 31 (16.1) | 13 (27.1) | 18 (12.4) | 0.016 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 8 (4.1) | 5 (10.4) | 3 (2.1) | 0.036 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 4 (2.1) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (2.8) | 0.574 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 14 (7.3) | 4 (8.3) | 10 (6.9) | 0.739 |
| Chronic liver disease | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.7) | 1.000 |
| Exposure to disease | 76 (39.4) | 17 (35.4) | 59 (40.7) | 0.517 |
| ICU patients | 92 (47.7) | 32 (66.7) | 60 (41.4) | 0.002 |
| Mechanical ventilation treatment† | 110 (57.0) | 39 (81.3) | 71 (49.0) | <0.001 |
| Length of hospital stay, median (IQR), days | 13 (7 to 16) | 10 (6 to 13) | 13 (9 to 18) | 0.001 |
| Mortality | 108 (56.0) | 39 (81.3) | 69 (47.6) | <0.001 |
*P values indicate differences between diabetes and non-diabetes. A value of p<0.05 was considered statistically significant.
†Non-invasive mechanical ventilation and invasive mechanical ventilation were included. Non-invasive mechanical ventilation included bilevel positive airway pressure ventilation or high-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy.
ICU, intensive care unit.