Categorical parameters indicating neuropathy, nail ingrowth, mycosis, foot deformity along with biomechanical factors like foot swelling and foot and ankle joint mobilities for all participants and for each group of with and with no future ulceration occurrence
| Categorical variable | All (1810) | No-ulcer occurrence (1687 (93.2%)) | With ulcer occurrence (123 (6.8%)) | Survival analysis Cox univariate regression | Univariate logistic regression | Chi-square test of independence | Kaplan-Meier survival analysis | ||||||
| Count | % | Count | % | Count | % | HR (95% CI)* | P-value Cox survival analysis * | OR (95% CI)† | P-value univariate logistic regression† | P value for differences‡ | Estimated mean reduction in survival- days§ | P value for reduction in survival§ | |
| Neuropathy | 938 | 52.0 | 846 | 50.1 | 92 | 74.8 | 2.525 (1.680 to 3.795) | 0.000 | 2.926 (1.926 to 4.444) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 314 | 0.000 |
| Foot deformity | 23 | 1.3 | 22 | 1.3 | 1 | 0.8 | 0.797 (0.111 to 5.712) | 0.821 | 0.625 (0.084 to 4.677) | 0.647 | 0.965 | 557 | 0.821 |
| Mycosis | 42 | 2.3 | 38 | 2.3 | 4 | 3.3 | 1.003 (0.370 to 2.719) | 0.996 | 1.459 (0.512 to 4.156) | 0.480 | 0.689 | 241 | 0.996 |
| Nail ingrowth | 9 | 0.5 | 5 | 0.3 | 4 | 3.3 | 5.653 (2.078 to 15.379) | 0.000 | 11.308 (2.997 to 42.663) | 0.002 | 0.000 | 1393 | 0.000 |
| Foot swelling | 55 | 3.0 | 44 | 2.6 | 11 | 8.9 | 3.345 (1.799 to 6.218 | 0.000 | 3.667 (1.843 to 7.296) | 0.001 | 0.000 | 831 | 0.000 |
| Limited ankle mobility | 275 | 15.2 | 239 | 14.2 | 36 | 29.3 | 1.662 (1.365 to 2.022) | 0.000 | 2.552 (1.689 to 3.856) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 850 | 0.000 |
| Limited metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint mobility | 273 | 15.1 | 237 | 14.0 | 36 | 29.3 | 2.745 (1.853 to 4.067) | 0.000 | 2.527(1.673 to 3.818) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 848 | 0.000 |
| Normal touch sensation | 1093 | 60.5 | 1057 | 62.8 | 36 | 29.3 | 0.000 | ||||||
| Decreased touch sensation | 631 | 34.9 | 560 | 33.3 | 71 | 57.7 | 3.141 (2.102 to 4.693) | 0.000 | 3.723 (2.461 to 5.631) | 0.000 | 468 | 0.000 | |
| Highly decreased touch sensation | 73 | 4.0 | 59 | 3.5 | 14 | 11.4 | 5.263 (1.266 to 21.878) | 0.022 | 6.967 (3.563 to 13.625) | 0.000 | 1442 | 0.000 | |
| Absent sensation | 10 | 0.6 | 8 | 0.5 | 2 | 1.6 | 9.671 (5.179 to 18.059) | 0.000 | 7.340 (1.505 to 35.804) | 0.014 | 1128 | 0.000 | |
P values <0.05 indicate a significant association and are shown in bold in the table.
*Based on univariate Cox survival analyses.
†Based on univariate logistic regression.
‡P values based on χ2 test of independence (with Yates continuity correction).
§Based on Kaplan-Meier survival analysis.