Characteristics of admissions of patients with diabetes mellitus
| Variable | All admissions (n=1 042 150) | GV (CV 1–4) (n=416 885) | GV (CV 5–7) (n=312 624) | GV (CV 8–10) (n=312 641) | Adjusted p value |
| Age (years)* | 66.5 (10.8) | 66.1 (10.7) | 66.6 (10.7) | 66.8 (10.9) | <0.001 |
| A1c | 7.8 (1.9) | 7.5 (1.8) | 7.7 (1.9) | 8.1 (2.1) | <0.001 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 1 012 466 (97.2) | 404 389 (97) | 303 904 (97.2) | 304 173 (97.3) | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2)† | 29.8 (25.7–34.8) | 30.4 (26.3–35.4) | 30.0 (25.9–34.9) | 28.9 (24.8–33.7) | <0.001 |
| Race, n (%) | |||||
| White | 746 704 (71.7) | 302 472 (72.6) | 224 713 (71.9) | 219 519 (70.2) | <0.001 |
| Black | 205 090 (19.7) | 79 399 (19) | 60 370 (19.3) | 65 321 (20.9) | |
| Asian/American Indian/Pacific | 18 957 (1.8) | 7563 (1.8) | 5767 (1.84) | 5627 (1.8) | |
| Other/Unknown | 71 399 (6.9) | 27 451 (6.6) | 21 774 (7) | 22 174 (7.1) | |
| Income (US$), n (%) | |||||
| <20 000 | 601 841 (57.8) | 240 379 (57.7) | 180 234 (57.7) | 181 228 (60) | <0.001 |
| 20 001–40 000 | 343 421 (33.0) | 136 717 (32.8) | 103 299 (33.0) | 103 405 (33.1) | |
| 40 001–60 000 | 56 350 (5.4) | 22 866 (5.5) | 16 912 (5.4) | 16 572 (5.3) | |
| >60 001 | 40 538 (3.9) | 16 923 (4.1) | 12 179 (3.9) | 11 436 (3.7) | |
| LOS (days)† | 3.9 (2.2–6.9) | 3.9 (2.2–6.7) | 3.9 (2.2–6.8) | 4.00 (2.3–7.00) | <0.001 |
| Hypoglycemia, n (%)‡ | 76 621 (7.4) | 5203 (1.3) | 10 902 (3.5) | 60 516 (19.4) | <0.001 |
| Year of admission, n (%) | |||||
| Before 2005 | 204 954 (19.7) | 81 411 (19.5) | 59 462 (19.0) | 64 081 (20.5) | <0.001 |
| 2006–2010 | 431 271 (41.4) | 167 179 (40.1) | 128 592 (41.1) | 135 500 (43.3) | |
| 2011–2015 | 405 925 (39.0) | 168 295 (40.4) | 124 570 (39.9) | 113 060 (36.2) | |
| Admission source, n (%) | |||||
| Nursing home | 29 777 (2.9) | 11 833 (2.8) | 9108 (2.9) | 8836 (2.8) | 0.48 |
| Transfers from OSH | 28 122 (2.7) | 11 133 (2.7) | 8642 (2.8) | 8347 (2.7) | |
| Home/Outpatient | 984 251 (94.4) | 393 919 (94.5) | 294 874 (94.3) | 295 458 (94.5) | |
| Admitting service, n (%) | |||||
| Medicine | 841 242 (80.7) | 322 961 (77.5) | 254 065 (81.3) | 264 216 (84.5) | <0.00 |
| Surgery | 200 908 (19.3) | 93 924 (22.53) | 58 559 (18.7) | 48 425 (15.5) | |
| DM medications, n (%) | |||||
| Insulin | 635 152 (61.0) | 235 609 (56.5) | 193 937 (62) | 205 606 (65.8) | <0.001 |
| NIM | 57 026 (5.5) | 29 019 (7) | 16 540 (5.3) | 11 467 (3.7) | |
| NIM and insulin | 232 960 (22.4) | 85 470 (20.5) | 69 867 (22.4) | 77 623 (24.8) | |
| None | 117 012 (11.2) | 66 787 (16) | 32 280 (10.3) | 17 945 (5.7) | |
| Comorbid conditions, n (%) | |||||
| Alcohol abuse | 52 701 (5.1) | 21 273 (5.1) | 15 739 (5) | 15 689 (5) | 1 |
| Blood loss anemia | 9240 (0.9) | 3604 (0.9) | 2821 (0.9) | 2815 (0.0) | 1 |
| Cardiac arrhythmia | 239 084 (22.9) | 94 426 (22.7) | 73 068 (23.4) | 71 590 (22.9) | <0.001 |
| CHF | 252 302 (24.2) | 91 616 (22) | 77 377 (24.8) | 83 309 (26.7) | <0.001 |
| COPD | 226 848 (21.8) | 86 918 (20.9) | 67 995 (21.8) | 71 935 (23) | <0.001 |
| Coagulopathy | 30 557 (2.9) | 11 902 (2.9) | 9436 (3) | 9219 (3) | 0.008 |
| Deficiency anemia | 46 229 (4.4) | 17 127 (4.1) | 13 884 (4.4) | 15 218 (4.9) | <0.001 |
| Depression | 128 659 (12.4) | 52 794 (12.7) | 38 313 (12.3) | 37 552 (12) | <0.001 |
| Drug abuse | 23 302 (2.2) | 8810 (2.1) | 6757 (2.2) | 7735 (2.5) | <0.001 |
| Fluid/Electrolyte | 181 170 (17.4) | 67 928 (16.3) | 54 448 (17.4) | 58 794 (18.8) | <0.001 |
| HIV/AIDS | 4366 (0.4) | 1725 (0.41) | 1346 (0.43) | 1295 (0.41) | 1 |
| Hypothyroidism | 70 271 (6.7) | 27 787 (6.7) | 21 222 (6.8) | 21 262 (6.8) | 1 |
| Hypertension (complicated) | 210 652 (20.2) | 72 536 (17.4) | 64 401 (20.6) | 73 715 (23.6) | <0.001 |
| Liver disease | 72 858 (7.0) | 28 344 (6.8) | 22 293 (7.1) | 22 221 (7.1) | <0.001 |
| Lymphoma | 11 900 (1.1) | 4708 (1.1) | 3633 (1.2) | 3559 (1.1) | 1 |
| Metastatic cancer | 25 685 (2.5) | 11 231 (2.7) | 7667 (2.5) | 6787 (2.2) | <0.001 |
| Solid tumor non-met | 86 514 (8.3) | 37 739 (9.1) | 25 651 (8.2) | 23 124 (7.4) | <0.001 |
| Myocardial infarction | 64 594 (6.2) | 24 958 (6) | 19 635 (6.3) | 20 001 (6.4) | <0.001 |
| Neurological disorder | 43 784 (4.2) | 17 713 (4.3) | 13 187 (4.2) | 12 884 (4.1) | 0.93 |
| Obesity | 89 885 (8.6) | 41 097 (9.9) | 27 182 (8.7) | 21 606 (6.9) | <0.001 |
| Paralysis | 15 558 (1.5) | 6723 (1.6) | 4787 (1.5) | 4048 (1.3) | <0.001 |
| Peptic ulcer disease | 8129 (0.8) | 3315 (0.8) | 2450 (0.8) | 2364 (0.8) | 1 |
| PVD | 102 132 (9.8) | 38 293 (9.2) | 30 793 (9.9) | 33 046 (10.6) | <0.001 |
| Psychosis | 26 010 (2.5) | 10 334 (2.5) | 7761 (2.5) | 7915 (2.5) | 1 |
| Pulm/Circ disease | 33 094 (3.2) | 12 561 (3) | 10 192 (3.3) | 10 341 (3.3) | <0.001 |
| Renal failure | 238 635 (22.9) | 81 843 (19.6) | 72 712 (23.3) | 84 080 (26.9) | <0.001 |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 13 559 (1.3) | 4938 (1.2) | 4027 (1.3) | 4594 (1.5) | <0.001 |
| Valvular disease | 48 174 (4.6) | 18 657 (4.5) | 14 721 (4.7) | 14 796 (4.7) | <0.001 |
| Weight loss | 21 410 (2.0) | 8065 (1.9) | 6513 (2.1) | 6832 (2.2) | <0.001 |
*Mean (SD).
†Median (IQR).
‡Hypoglycemia within past 24 hours.
A1c, hemoglobin A1c; BMI, body mass index; CHF, congestive heart failure; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CV, coefficient of variation; DM, diabetes mellitus; GV, glucose variability; LOS, length of stay; NIM, non-insulin medications; non-met, non-metastatic; OSH, outside hospital; Pulm/Circ, pulmonary or circulatory disorders; PVD, peripheral vascular disease.