Variables | Before PSM | After PSM | ||||||
Control group (n=200) | Comprehensive group (n=199) | Literacy group (n=200) | Exercise group (n=200) | Control group (n=16 779) | Comprehensive group (n=1505) | Literacy group (n=16 074) | Exercise group (n=15 775) | |
Age (years)† | 63.8 (8.7) | 65.6 (9.5) | 65.8 (9.7) | 65.6 (9.5) | 65.7 (8.76) | 67.1 (10.4) | 66.7 (9.3) | 67.2 (9.5) |
Gender‡ | ||||||||
Male | 86 (43.0) | 91 (45.5) | 89 (44.5) | 96 (48.0) | 76 (42.5) | 72 (46.5) | 80 (46.0) | 83 (47.4) |
Female | 114 (57.0) | 109 (54.5) | 111 (55.5) | 104 (52.0) | 103 (57.5) | 83 (53.5) | 94 (54.0) | 92 (52.6) |
Educational level‡ | ||||||||
No formal education | 9 (4.5) | 11 (5.5)*** | 11 (5.5) | 11 (5.5) | 9 (5.0) | 7 (4.5) | 8 (4.6) | 10 (5.7) |
Primary school | 28 (14.0) | 54 (27.0) | 28 (14.1) | 21 (10.5) | 26 (14.5) | 40 (25.8) | 24 (13.8) | 20 (11.4) |
Junior high school | 81 (40.5) | 79 (39.5) | 78 (39.2) | 67 (33.5) | 67 (37.4) | 66 (42.6) | 71 (40.80 | 60 (34.3) |
Senior high school | 36 (18.0) | 33 (16.5) | 46 (23.1) | 37 (18.5) | 34 (19.0) | 25 (16.1) | 40 (23.0) | 32 (18.3) |
Junior college | 14 (7.0) | 8 (4.0) | 12 (6.0) | 24 (12.0) | 11 (6.2) | 6 (3.9) | 9 (5.2) | 19 (10.9) |
College | 19 (9.5) | 7 (3.5) | 14 (7.0) | 23 (11.5) | 19 (10.6) | 6 (3.9) | 14 (8.1) | 20 (11.4) |
College above | 13 (6.5) | 8 (4.0) | 10 (5.0) | 17 (8.5) | 13 (7.3) | 5 (3.2) | 8 (4.6) | 14 (8.0) |
Household income per month (US$)‡ | ||||||||
<76.9 | 2 (1.0) | 1 (0.5) | 1 (0.5) | 1 (0.5)*** | 2 (1.1) | 1 (0.7) | 1 (0.6) | 1 (0.6) |
76.9–154 | 2 (1.0) | 6 (3.1) | 3 (1.5) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (1.1) | 4 (2.6) | 3 (1.7) | 0 (0.0) |
155–307 | 25 (12.6) | 34 (17.44) | 29 (14.6) | 11 (5.6) | 23 (12.9) | 25 (16.1) | 28 (16.1) | 9 (5.1) |
308–769 | 118 (59.6) | 116 (59.49) | 116 (58.3) | 108 (54.6) | 108 (60.3) | 92 (59.4) | 101 (58.1) | 95 (54.3) |
770–1538 | 45 (22.7) | 36 (18.46) | 45 (22.6) | 74 (37.4) | 40 (22.4) | 31 (20.0) | 37 (21.3) | 67 (38.3) |
>1538 | 6 (3.0) | 2 (1.03) | 5 (2.5) | 4 (2.0) | 4 (2.2) | 2 (1.3) | 4 (2.3) | 3 (1.7) |
Years of diabetes† | 11.2 (10.8) | 10.9 (8.0) | 11.2 (7.6) | 11.2 (8.5) | 10.9 (10.9) | 11.5 (8.1) | 11.0 (7.3) | 11.0 (8.3) |
A1c (%)§ | 8.2 (7.5, 9.1) | 8.1 (7.7, 9.0) | 8.1 (7.5, 9.3) | 8.0 (7.5, 9.1) | 8.2 (7.5, 9.1) | 8.0 (7.7, 8.8) | 8.2 (7.4, 9.4) | 8.0 (7.5, 9.2) |
HeLMS score§ | 116 (113, 120) | 113 (97, 120)*** | 116 (104, 120)*** | 119 (110, 120) | 116 (112, 120) | 114 (98, 120) | 116 (105, 120) | 119 (110, 120) |
C-DNT-5 score§ | 100 (80, 100) | 80 (60, 100)*** | 80 (80, 100) | 80 (80, 100) | 100 (80, 100) | 80 (60, 100) | 80 (80, 100) | 80 (80, 100) |
Body mass index (kg/m2)§ | 25.1 (23.2, 27.0) | 24.9 (23.3, 27.0) | 25.3 (23.1, 27.2) | 24.9 (22.9, 26.9) | 25.1 (23.2, 27.1) | 24.9 (23.4, 26.7) | 25.2 (23.1, 27.0) | 25.1 (23.0, 27.1) |
Physical activity (MET)§ | 73.5 (53.0, 110.0) | 49.0 (24.5, 89.0) | 56.0 (30.0, 82.0)*** | 50.8 (33, 81)*** | 73.5 (52.0, 110.5) | 49.0 (24.0, 88.4) | 56.0 (31.5, 84.0) | 52.5 (33.5, 83.0) |
*P<0.10; **p<0.05; ***p<0.01 for χ2 tests (categorical variables) or t test and Kruskal-Wallis H tests (continuous variables) for each intervention group vs the control arm (Bonferroni correction before PSM).
†Presented as mean (SD).
‡Presented as number (%, percentage).
§Presented as median (IQR).
A1c, hemoglobin A1c; C-DNT-5, Diabetes Numeracy Test; HeLMS, Health Literacy Management Scale; MET, metabolic equivalent.