Demographics and baseline characteristics of non-critical patients with COVID-19 at admission and critical patients with COVID-19 at the time of critical diagnosis
| Variables | Non-critical patients (n=1690) | Critical patients* (n=697) |
| Gender (female), n (%) | 865 (51.2) | 322 (46.2) |
| Age (years), median (IQR) | 61.0 (50.0–69.0) | 65.0 (54.0–73.0) |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 206 (12.2) | 126 (18.1) |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 418 (24.7) | 244 (35.0) |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, n (%) | 51 (3.0) | 34 (4.9) |
| Cancer†, n (%) | 22 (1.3) | 12 (1.7) |
| Chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 33 (2.0) | 25 (3.6) |
| Smoking history, n (%) | 230 (13.6) | 137 (19.7) |
| Admission glucose (mmol/L), n (%) | 5.9 (5.1 to 7.5) | – |
| Normal (<6.1) | 916 (54.2) | – |
| Hyperglycemia (≥6.1) | 774 (45.8) | – |
| Initial glucose (mmol/L) ‡, n (%) | – | 6.9 (5.7 to 8.7) |
| Normal (<6.1) | – | 170 (33.7) |
| Hyperglycemia (≥6.1) | – | 334 (66.3) |
| Occurrence of hypoglycemia, n (%) | 79 (4.7) | 26 (5.2) |
| Median blood glucose, n (%) | ||
| <6.1 | 973 (57.6) | 166 (32.9) |
| ≥6.1 | 717 (42.4) | 338 (67.1) |
| Median glucose (mmol/L), median (IQR) | 5.8 (5.1–7.1) | 6.9 (5.7–8.5) |
| Glucose coefficient of variation, median (IQR) | 0.2 (0.1–0.3) | 0.2 (0.1–0.3) |
| Maximum glucose (mmol/L), median (IQR) | 6.7 (5.4–8.8) | 8.4 (6.6–11.4) |
| Minimum glucose (mmol/L), median (IQR) | 5.2 (4.6–6.2) | 5.7 (4.7–7.2) |
| Admission white blood cell counts (109/L), median (IQR) | 5.3 (4.1–6.9) | 5.7 (4.3–8.1) |
| Admission lymphocyte counts (109/L), median (IQR) | 0.9 (0.7–1.4) | 0.8 (0.6–1.2) |
| Admission D-Dimer (mg/L), median (IQR) | 0.4 (0.2–0.8) | 0.5 (0.3–1.1) |
| Admission AST (U/L), median (IQR) | 25.3 (18.0–38.0) | 29.6 (19.6–46.7) |
| Admission ALT (U/L), median (IQR) | 23.0 (15.6–36.0) | 24.7 (17.0–39.6) |
| Admission creatinine (μmol/L), median (IQR) | 69.0 (57.0–84.0) | 72.5 (59.9–95.0) |
| Corticosteroid use, n (%) | 653 (38.6) | 373 (53.5) |
| Insulin use, n (%) | 198 (11.7) | 135 (19.4) |
| Oxygen therapy, n (%) | 1601 (94.7) | 682 (97.8) |
| Mechanical ventilation, n (%) | 328 (19.4) | 564 (80.9) |
| Admission to ICU, n (%) | 132 (7.8) | 342 (49.1) |
| Shock, n (%) | 15 (0.9) | 29 (4.2) |
| Median length of in-hospital stay (days), median (IQR) | 13.3 (7.7–20.9) | 15.8 (8.4–23.1) |
| Death, n (%) | 125 (7.4) | 157 (22.5) |
*All the glucose-associated indices in critical patients with COVID-19 were analyzed based on the blood glucose concentration after diagnosis of critical case.
†Included in this category is any type of cancer.
‡The initial glucose of critical cases was the first blood glucose concentration after diagnosis of critical case.
ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ICU, intensive care unit.