Baseline characteristics of patients intensifying with DPP4i, insulin, or TZD as third-line medication
| Total | DPP4i | Insulin | TZD | Maximum pairwise ASMD | ||
| Before weighting | After weighting | |||||
| General information | ||||||
| Total no of participants | 20 577 | 9957 | 7760 | 2860 | ||
| Age (years), mean±SD | 59.98±11.97 | 60.37±11.31 | 60.15±13.18 | 58.15±10.47 | 0.261* | 0.049 |
| Gender, n (%) | 0.362* | 0.176 | ||||
| Female | 9015 (43.81%) | 4317 (43.36%) | 3435 (44.27%) | 1263 (44.16%) | ||
| Male | 11 562 (56.19%) | 5640 (56.64%) | 4325 (55.73%) | 1597 (55.84%) | ||
| Clinical parameter | ||||||
| Laboratory result, mean±SD | ||||||
| HbA1c, % | 8.69±1.63 | 8.48±1.26 | 9.10±2.05 | 8.30±1.21 | 0.146 | 0.024 |
| SBP, mm Hg | 133.45±16.89 | 133.72±16.45 | 134.29±18.04 | 130.21±14.70 | 0.222* | 0.091 |
| DBP, mm Hg | 76.81±9.98 | 76.99±10.02 | 76.70±10.30 | 76.50±8.89 | 0.082 | 0.030 |
| LDL-C, mmol/L | 2.39±0.78 | 2.38±0.75 | 2.47±0.85 | 2.24±0.69 | 0.150 | 0.057 |
| HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.12±0.29 | 1.12±0.27 | 1.13±0.31 | 1.12±0.26 | 0.043 | 0.048 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 28.46±4.03 | 28.60±4.00 | 28.17±4.06 | 28.75±4.01 | 0.205* | 0.107 |
| Waist, cm | 96.37±20.15 | 96.39±15.98 | 96.27±22.98 | 96.54±24.82 | 0.120 | 0.072 |
| TC, mmol/L | 4.34±0.96 | 4.32±0.90 | 4.44±1.06 | 4.15±0.86 | 0.266* | 0.073 |
| Triglyceride, mmol/L | 1.88±1.30 | 1.87±1.24 | 1.92±1.39 | 1.79±1.19 | 0.228* | 0.098 |
| Creatinine (serum), µmol/L | 95.29±77.15 | 89.12±56.30 | 108.78±105.60 | 80.18±25.96 | 0.132 | 0.050 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 82.62±29.81 | 84.04±28.11 | 79.24±33.92 | 86.83±21.66 | 0.219* | 0.130 |
| Fasting glucose, mmol/L | 9.55±3.12 | 9.31±2.64 | 10.08±3.74 | 8.95±2.56 | 0.281* | 0.126 |
| Duration between first-line medication and third-line medication (years), mean±SD | 5.58±2.80 | 5.88±2.70 | 4.95±2.72 | 6.26±3.00 | 0.480* | 0.107 |
| Duration of DM (years), mean±SD | 5.39±2.97 | 5.67±2.87 | 4.72±2.90 | 6.33±3.10 | 0.504* | 0.094 |
| Duration of DM, n (%) | 0.305* | 0.046 | ||||
| ≤5 years | 8773 (47.10%) | 3717 (42.80%) | 4086 (55.90%) | 970 (36.83%) | ||
| 5–10 years | 8587 (46.10%) | 4363 (50.24%) | 2941 (40.24%) | 1283 (48.71%) | ||
| >10 years | 1268 (6.81%) | 605 (6.97%) | 282 (3.86%) | 381 (14.46%) | ||
| Charlson Comorbidity Index, n (%) | 0.580* | 0.045 | ||||
| 1 or 2 | 2673 (12.99%) | 1156 (11.61%) | 1115 (14.37%) | 402 (14.06%) | ||
| 3 | 4645 (22.57%) | 2228 (22.38%) | 1556 (20.05%) | 861 (30.10%) | ||
| 4 | 4883 (23.73%) | 2524 (25.35%) | 1509 (19.45%) | 850 (29.72%) | ||
| 5 | 3499 (17.00%) | 1966 (19.74%) | 1082 (13.94%) | 451 (15.77%) | ||
| 6 or above | 4877 (23.70%) | 2083 (20.92%) | 2498 (32.19%) | 296 (10.35%) | ||
*Imbalance covariate if pairwise ASMD ≥0.2.
ASMD, absolute standardized mean difference; BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DM, diabetes mellitus; DPP4i, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL-C, high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TZD, thiazolidinediones.