Association between exposure to lifetime diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) resulting in hospitalization and cognitive function among older adults with type 1 diabetes
| Model outcome | Model 1 | Model 2a | Model 2b | Model 3 |
| β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | |
| Global cognition | ||||
| No DKA | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Single DKA | 0.07 (−0.01 to 0.16) | 0.07 (−0.02 to 0.15) | 0.08 (−0.01 to 0.17) | 0.07 (−0.01 to 0.16) |
| Recurrent DKA | −0.17 (−0.28 to −0.06) | −0.16 (−0.28 to −0.05) | −0.14 (−0.26 to −0.03) | −0.13 (−0.22 to −0.02) |
| Language | ||||
| No DKA | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Single DKA | 0.05 (−0.07 to 0.18) | 0.04 (−0.08 to 0.17) | 0.06 (−0.07 to 0.18) | 0.05 (−0.08 to 0.17) |
| Recurrent DKA | −0.15 (−0.32 to 0.01) | −0.14 (−0.31 to 0.02) | −0.14 (−0.31 to 0.03) | −0.13 (−0.30 to 0.04) |
| Executive function/psychomotor speed | ||||
| No DKA | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Single DKA | 0.08 (−0.05 to 0.20) | 0.07 (−0.06 to 0.19) | 0.08 (−0.04 to 0.21) | 0.08 (−0.05 to 0.10) |
| Recurrent DKA | −0.40 (−0.57 to −0.23) | −0.39 (−0.56 to −0.22) | −0.35 (−0.52 to −0.18) | −0.34 (−0.51 to −0.17) |
| Episodic memory | ||||
| No DKA | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Single DKA | 0.06 (−0.06 to 0.19) | 0.06 (−0.07 to 0.18) | 0.07 (−0.06 to 0.19) | 0.06 (−0.07 to 0.19) |
| Recurrent DKA | −0.15 (−0.32 to 0.02) | −0.15 (−0.32 to 0.02) | −0.15 (−0.32 to 0.03) | −0.15 (−0.32 to 0.03) |
| Attention | ||||
| No DKA | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Single DKA | 0.10 (−0.05 to 0.26) | 0.10 (−0.06 to 0.25) | 0.12 (−0.04 to 0.27) | 0.11 (−0.05 to 0.27) |
| Recurrent DKA | −0.001 (−0.21 to 0.20) | 0.004 (−0.21 to 0.21) | 0.06 (−0.15 to 0.27) | 0.06 (−0.15 to 0.27) |
Multivariable linear regression models examining the association between lifetime DKA resulting in hospitalization and cognitive function. Model 1 adjusted for age, sex, race, diagnosis age, education. Model 2a is model 1+additional adjustment for recent exposure to severe hypoglycemia. Model 2b is model 1+additional adjustment for retinopathy, neuropathy and nephropathy. Model 3 is a combination of models 2a and 2b adjusting for model 1+recent exposure to severe hypoglycemia, retinopathy, neuropathy and nephropathy. Values in bold indicate cognitive function scores that were statistically different from the referent group (ie the no DKA group).