Table 1

Baseline patient characteristics by time period

Characteristics	All		Time period				P value*
	All		A 2012–2014		B 2015–2017
	n	%	n	%	n	%
Total	408	100.0	147	36.0	261	64.0
Age group							0.0154
18–49	145	35.5	64	43.5	81	31.0
50–60	164	40.2	57	38.8	107	41.0
60+	99	24.3	26	17.7	73	28.0
Gender							0.8592
Female	203	49.8	74	50.3	129	49.4
Male	205	50.2	73	49.7	132	50.6
Ethnicity							0.0225
Non-Hispanic	114	27.9	51	34.7	63	24.1
Hispanic	294	72.1	96	65.3	198	75.9
Retinopathy severity							<0.001
<SNPDR	210	51.5	63	42.9	147	56.3
SNPDR	61	15.0	15	10.2	46	17.6
PDR	137	33.6	69	46.9	68	26.1
Clinically significant macular edema							0.0295
No	77	18.9	36	24.5	41	15.7
Yes	331	81.1	111	75.5	220	84.3
Comorbidity index							0.4721
0	351	86.0	127	86.4	224	85.8
1+	52	12.7	17	11.6	35	13.4
Unknown	5	1.2	3	2.0	2	0.8
Primary care site							0.0038
Family Care Clinic	259	63.5	96	65.3	163	62.5
Internal Medicine Clinic	112	27.5	30	20.4	82	31.4
Satellite clinics	37	9.1	21	14.3	16	6.1
Insulin use							0.0195
No	120	29.4	40	27.2	80	30.7
Yes	281	68.9	101	68.7	180	69.0
Unknown	7	1.7	6	4.1	1	0.4
Type of diabetes							0.5225
I	24	5.9	8	5.4	16	6.1
II	381	93.4	137	93.2	244	93.5
Unknown	3	0.7	2	1.4	1	0.4
Diabetes duration							0.0884
0–5 years	88	21.6	25	17.0	63	24.1
6–10 years	86	21.1	36	24.5	50	19.2
10+ years	229	56.1	86	58.5	143	54.8
Unknown	5	1.2	0	0.0	5	1.9
HbA1c value							0.146
<6.0	15	3.7	9	6.1	6	2.3
6.0–9.0	147	36.0	52	35.4	95	36.4
>9.0	164	40.2	53	36.1	111	42.5
Unknown	82	20.1	33	22.4	49	18.8
Insured category							<0.001
Insured	223	54.7	55	37.4	168	64.4
Uninsured (charity, self-pay, uninsured)	79	19.4	47	32.0	32	12.3
Unknown	106	26.0	45	30.6	61	23.4
Insurance type							<0.001
Medicare	27	6.6	6	4.1	21	8.0
MediCal	151	37.0	35	23.8	116	44.4
Charity	3	0.7	0	0.0	3	1.1
Self-pay/uninsured	76	18.6	47	32.0	29	11.1
Unknown	106	26.0	45	30.6	61	23.4
Private	6	1.5	4	2.7	2	0.8
MISP	39	9.6	10	6.8	29	11.1

*P value from χ² test or Fisher’s exact test for difference of patient characteristics in two time periods.
MISP, Medically Indigent Services Program; PDR, proliferative diabetic retinopathy; SNPDR, severe non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy.