Clinical, demographic, biomarker, and imaging information across groups
| T1D-IAH | T1D-NAH | HC | Significance (p value) | |
| n | 18 | 18 | 18 | |
| Age (years) | 55.5±13.5 | 57.4±8.1 | 54.7±13.7 | 0.79 |
| Sex (% female) | 61% | 27% | 44% | 0.13 |
| Education (years) | 14.8±5.1 | 14.7±4.4 | 13.6±3.5 | 0.64 |
| Plasma NfL (pg/mL) | 18.22±11.7 | 13.27±6.7 | 8.15±4.6 | 0.002* |
| T1D duration | 31.7±12.8 | 30.2±8.6 | NA | 0.66 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.57±1.1 | 7.60±0.8 | NA | 0.93 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 25.9±6.6 | 27.2±3.8 | NA | 0.49 |
| Mean arterial pressure (mm Hg) | 93.6±15.6 | 101.8±13.6 | NA | 0.10 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 96.3±27.4 | 94.6±21.3 | NA | 0.84 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 71.4±16.5 | 63.7±19.1 | NA | 0.21 |
| Clarke score | 4.7±0.9 | 1.0±0.7 | NA | <0.001* |
| Number of severe or moderate hypoglycemic episodes | 4.89±6.3 | 0.61±1.0 | NA | 0.007* |
| Minimental state examination | 29.56±0.6 | 29.61±0.8 | NA | 0.81 |
| Frontal lobe GMV (mm3×10–3) | 138.6±9.9 | 150.3±13.5 | 165.0±17.6 | <0.001* |
| Temporal lobe GMV (mm3×10–3) | 93.0±7.2 | 102.3±9.7 | 100.8±9.6 | 0.007* |
| Parietal lobe GMV (mm3×10–3) | 89.6±8.7 | 97.3±9.4 | 108.2±8.8 | <0.001* |
| Occipital lobe GMV (mm3×10–3) | 41.7±4.8 | 48.3±6.8 | 45.1±6.6 | 0.008* |
Values are expressed as mean±SD or percentage.
*P<0.05 three-group ANOVA/χ2 or t-test between T1D groups.
ANOVA, analysis of variance; GMV, gray matter volumes; HC, healthy controls; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; IAH, impaired awareness of hypoglycemia; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; NA, not applicable or available; NAH, normal awareness of hypoglycemia; NfL, neurofilament light chain; T1D, type-1 diabetes.