Baseline clinical features in the RIACE participants with valid information on vital status on 31 October 2015, stratified by eGFR deciles
| Variable | eGFR deciles | P value | |||||||||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | ||
| n | 1565 | 1566 | 1566 | 1565 | 1566 | 1565 | 1566 | 1566 | 1566 | 1565 | |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 111.5±7.8 | 100.4±1.9 | 95.1±1.3 | 90.8±1.2 | 86.3±1.4 | 80.9±1.8 | 74.4±1.9 | 67.1±2.5 | 57.3±3.4 | 38.9±9.6 | |
| (103.9–176.0) | (97.5–103.9) | (92.9–97.5) | (88.6–92.9) | (83.8–88.6) | (77.7–83.8) | (71.1–77.7) | (62.7–71.1) | (50.9–62.7) | (4.1–50.9) | ||
| Deaths, n (%) | 148 (9.5) | 170 (10.9) | 196 (12.5) | 261 (16.7) | 330 (21.1) | 347 (22.2) | 333 (21.3) | 408 (26.1) | 545 (34.8) | 864 (55.2) | <0.0001 |
| Age (years) | 52.8±9.3 | 59.1±7.2 | 63.4±7.0 | 66.6±7.1 | 68.9±8.3 | 68.5±9.5 | 68.8±8.5 | 70.6±8.2 | 72.8±8.2 | 74.4±8.7 | <0.0001 |
| Gender, n (%) | <0.0001 | ||||||||||
| Females | 656 (41.9) | 656 (41.9) | 668 (42.7) | 634 (40.5) | 656 (41.9) | 616 (39.4) | 632 (40.4) | 685 (43.7) | 761 (48.6) | 790 (50.5) | |
| Males | 909 (58.1) | 910 (58.1) | 898 (57.3) | 931 (59.5) | 910 (58.1) | 949 (60.6) | 934 (59.6) | 881 (56.3) | 805 (51.4) | 775 (49.5) | |
| Smoking status, n (%) | <0.0001 | ||||||||||
| Never | 816 (52.1) | 838 (53.5) | 880 (56.2) | 886 (56.6) | 934 (59.6) | 867 (55.4) | 879 (56.1) | 913 (58.3) | 924 (59.0) | 912 (58.3) | |
| Former | 343 (21.9) | 389 (24.8) | 417 (26.6) | 433 (27.7) | 427 (27.3) | 484 (30.9) | 472 (30.1) | 478 (30.5) | 476 (30.4) | 488 (31.2) | |
| Current | 406 (25.9) | 339 (21.6) | 269 (17.2) | 246 (15.7) | 205 (13.1) | 214 (13.7) | 215 (13.7) | 175 (11.2) | 166 (10.6) | 165 (10.5) | |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 7.9±7.2 | 9.4±7.9 | 11.5±9.0 | 12.7±9.5 | 13.6±10.1 | 13.9±10.4 | 13.7±10.2 | 14.9±10.4 | 16.5±11.1 | 17.7±11.1 | <0.0001 |
| Age at diagnosis (years) | 44.9±9.9 | 49.6±9.4 | 51.9±10.1 | 53.9±10.4 | 55.3±11.1 | 54.6±11.1 | 55.2±11.2 | 55.7±10.8 | 56.3±11.4 | 56.7±12.3 | <0.0001 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 60.4±19.9 | 58.7±16.6 | 58.6±16.0 | 56.9±14.6 | 58.0±15.4 | 58.0±15,3 | 58.7±15.5 | 58.9±15.8 | 60.2±16.6 | 60.4±19.9 | <0.0001 |
| Antihyperglycemic Tx, n (%) | <0.0001 | ||||||||||
| Lifestyle | 269 (17.2) | 216 (13.8) | 228 (14.6) | 201 (12.8) | 212 (13.5) | 245 (15.7) | 226 (14.4) | 203 (13.0) | 173 (11.0) | 140 (8.9) | |
| Non-insulin | 931 (59.5) | 1015 (64.8) | 1004 (64.1) | 1048 (67.0) | 1031 (65.8) | 987 (63.1) | 969 (61.9) | 967 (61.7) | 910 (58.1) | 757 (48.4) | |
| Insulin | 365 (23.3) | 335 (21.4) | 334 (21.3) | 316 (20.2) | 323 (20.6) | 333 (21.3) | 371 (23.7) | 396 (25.3) | 483 (30.8) | 668 (42.7) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.8±6.2 | 29.2±5.3 | 29.0±5.3 | 28.7±4.8 | 28.5±4.8 | 28.5±4.8 | 28.9±4.9 | 28.9±5.0 | 29.0±4.9 | 29.2±5.2 | <0.0001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 104.2±12.6 | 102.9±10.7 | 102.7±10.7 | 101.9±9.8 | 101.5±9.8 | 101.7±9.7 | 102.3±9.8 | 102.4±10.2 | 102.3±9.9 | 102.9±10.3 | <0.0001 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.64±1.36 | 1.56±1.05 | 1.51±0.92 | 1.46±0.83 | 1.43±0.85 | 1.51±0.90 | 1.53±0.87 | 1.57±0.93 | 1.61±0.91 | 1.89±1.13 | <0.0001 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.85±1.03 | 4.77±1.00 | 4.80±0.95 | 4.78±0.96 | 4.76±0.96 | 4.75±0.96 | 4.78±0.98 | 4.78±0.96 | 4.78±0.98 | 4.80±1.09 | 0.279 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.27±0.35 | 1.28±0.34 | 1.31±0.35 | 1.32±0.35 | 1.33±0.35 | 1.30±0.34 | 1.30±0.35 | 1.30±0.36 | 1.28±0.35 | 1.21±0.37 | <0.0001 |
| Non-HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.58±1.00 | 3.49±0.97 | 3.49±0.93 | 3.45±0.93 | 3.43±0.93 | 3.45±0.93 | 3.48±0.94 | 3.49±0.92 | 3.51±0.92 | 3.58±1.03 | <0.0001 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.86±0.86 | 2.78±0.85 | 2.80±0.82 | 2.79±0.82 | 2.79±0.86 | 2.77±0.83 | 2.79±0.83 | 2.78±0.83 | 2.78±0.84 | 2.73±0.89 | 0.030 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 1202 (76.8) | 1260 (80.5) | 1310 (83.7) | 1282 (81.9) | 1249 (79.8) | 1316 (84.1) | 1305 (83.3) | 1321 (84.4) | 1311 (83.7) | 1300 (83.1) | <0.0001 |
| Lipid-lowering Tx, n (%) | 477 (30.5) | 665 (42.5) | 728 (46.5) | 705 (45.0) | 690 (44.1) | 757 (48.4) | 771 (49.2) | 770 (49.2) | 797 (50.9) | 878 (56.1) | <0.0001 |
| Systolic BP (mm Hg) | 131.9±16.2 | 135.7±17.0 | 137.6±17.5 | 138.1±16.8 | 139.3±18.2 | 138.9±18.4 | 139.7±17.9 | 139.1±18.0 | 140.5±18.6 | 139.7±19.7 | <0.0001 |
| Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 79.4±9.5 | 79.7±9.2 | 79.4±9.2 | 79.0±8.9 | 78.8±9.5 | 78.5±9.4 | 78.7±9.3 | 78.7±9.2 | 78.2±9.6 | 77.3±10.2 | <0.0001 |
| Pulse pressure (mm Hg) | 52.5±12.7 | 56.0±14.1 | 58.3±14.9 | 59.2±15.0 | 60.5±15.7 | 60.4±16.0 | 60.9±15.8 | 60.4±15.5 | 62.3±16.6 | 62.4±17.5 | <0.0001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 1100 (70.3) | 1218 (77.8) | 1333 (85.1) | 1311 (83.8) | 1344 (85.8) | 1385 (88.5) | 1397 (89.2) | 1417 (90.5) | 1449 (92.5) | 1496 (95.6) | <0.0001 |
| Antihypertensive Tx, n (%) | 764 (48.8) | 921 (58.8) | 1027 (65.6) | 1044 (66.7) | 1083 (69.2) | 1123 (71.8) | 1151 (73.5) | 1225 (78.2) | 1306 (83.4) | 1428 (91.2) | <0.0001 |
| RAS blocker Tx, n (%) | 647 (41.3) | 775 (49.5) | 865 (55.2) | 881 (56.3) | 905 (57.8) | 934 (59.7) | 970 (61.9) | 1031 (65.8) | 1127 (72.0) | 1205 (77.0) | <0.0001 |
| Antiplatelet Tx, n (%) | 372 (23.8) | 467 (29.8) | 538 (34.4) | 577 (36.9) | 615 (39.3) | 654 (41.8) | 673 (43.0) | 676 (43.2) | 780 (49.8) | 896 (57.3) | <0.0001 |
| Anticoagulant Tx, n (%) | 14 (0.9) | 33 (2.1) | 41 (2.6) | 38 (2.4) | 50 (3.2) | 64 (4.1) | 67 (4.3) | 92 (5.9) | 114 (7.3) | 156 (10.0) | <0.0001 |
| Albuminuria (mg/24 hours) | 55.5±455.3 | 41.1±239.1 | 45.7±167.8 | 34.1±89.5 | 43.7±189.7 | 47.6±177.4 | 53.7±169.2 | 55.9±337.6 | 105.2±365.5 | 240.8±571.2 | <0.0001 |
| Albuminuria categories, n (%) | <0.0001 | ||||||||||
| Normoalbuminuria | 1212 (77.4) | 1230 (78.5) | 1255 (80.1) | 1238 (79.1) | 1225 (78.2) | 1204 (76.9) | 1171 (74.8) | 1170 (74.7) | 1025 (65.6) | 730 (46.6) | |
| Microalbuminuria | 315 (20.1) | 306 (19.5) | 259 (16.5) | 295 (18.8) | 306 (19.5) | 318 (20.3) | 340 (21.7) | 345 (22.0) | 433 (27.7) | 548 (35.0) | |
| Macroalbuminuria | 38 (2.4) | 30 (1.9) | 52 (3.3) | 32 (2.0) | 35 (2.2) | 43 (2.7) | 55 (3.5) | 51 (3.3) | 108 (6.9) | 287 (18.3) | |
| Serum creatinine (μmol/L) | 52.6±12.0 | 60.8±10.6 | 64.1±10.6 | 67.8±10.4 | 71.4±10.5 | 77.5±10.3 | 83.0±10.3 | 88.9±11.7 | 99.1±13.6 | 146.1±66.0 | <0.0001 |
| DR, n (%) | <0.0001 | ||||||||||
| No | 1328 (84.9) | 1274 (81.4) | 1262 (80.6) | 1251 (79.9) | 1239 (79.1) | 1243 (79.4) | 1224 (78.2) | 1213 (77.5) | 1133 (72.3) | 1022 (65.3) | |
| Non-advanced | 135 (8.6) | 167 (10.7) | 176 (11.2) | 182 (11.6) | 199 (12.7) | 196 (12.5) | 184 (11.7) | 213 (13.6) | 242 (15.5) | 253 (16.2) | |
| Advanced | 102 (6.5) | 125 (8.0) | 128 (8.2) | 132 (8.4) | 128 (8.2) | 126 (8.1) | 158 (10.1) | 140 (8.9) | 191 (12.2) | 290 (18.5) | |
| CVD, n (%) | |||||||||||
| Any | 155 (9.9) | 237 (15.1) | 295 (18.8) | 281 (18.0) | 300 (19.2) | 376 (24.0) | 403 (25.7) | 398 (25.4) | 508 (32.4) | 667 (42.6) | <0.0001 |
| Myocardial infarction | 74 (4.7) | 115 (7.3) | 134 (8.6) | 139 (8.9) | 131 (8.4) | 201 (12.8) | 193 (12.3) | 183 (11.7) | 240 (15.3) | 332 (21.2) | <0.0001 |
| Coronary revascularization | 67 (4.3) | 104 (6.6) | 141 (9.0) | 134 (8.6) | 123 (7.9) | 169 (10.8) | 161 (10.3) | 181 (11.6) | 214 (13.7) | 285 (18.2) | <0.0001 |
| Any coronary event | 96 (6.1) | 158 (10.1) | 201 (12.8) | 198 (12.7) | 194 (12.4) | 262 (16.7) | 258 (16.5) | 261 (16.7) | 316 (20.2) | 452 (28.9) | <0.0001 |
| Stroke | 15 (1.0) | 28 (1.8) | 37 (2.4) | 35 (2.2) | 39 (2.5) | 51 (3.3) | 67 (4.3) | 59 (3.8) | 75 (4.8) | 107 (6.8) | <0.0001 |
| Carotid revascularization | 22 (1.4) | 48 (3.1) | 60 (3.8) | 63 (4.0) | 58 (3.7) | 92 (5.9) | 98 (6.3) | 90 (5.7) | 142 (9.1) | 183 (11.7) | <0.0001 |
| Any cerebrovascular event | 37 (2.4) | 71 (4.5) | 93 (5.9) | 96 (6.1) | 94 (6.0) | 135 (8.6) | 152 (9.7) | 142 (9.1) | 205 (13.1) | 267 (17.1) | <0.0001 |
| Ulcer/gangrene/amputation | 28 (1.8) | 31 (2.0) | 31 (2.0) | 33 (2.1) | 45 (2.9) | 51 (3.3) | 56 (3.6) | 61 (3.9) | 94 (6.0) | 126 (8.1) | <0.0001 |
| Lower limb revascularization | 6 (0.4) | 25 (1.6) | 24 (1.5) | 27 (1.7) | 35 (2.2) | 56 (3.6) | 49 (3.1) | 46 (2.9) | 82 (5.2) | 100 (6.4) | <0.0001 |
| Any peripheral event | 30 (1.9) | 50 (3.2) | 52 (3.3) | 56 (3.6) | 72 (4.6) | 99 (6.3) | 88 (5.6) | 92 (5.9) | 154 (9.8) | 190 (12.1) | <0.0001 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | |||||||||||
| Any | 258 (16.5) | 237 (15.1) | 266 (17.0) | 272 (17.4) | 254 (16.2) | 262 (16.7) | 288 (18.4) | 262 (16.7) | 324 (20.7) | 364 (23.3) | <0.0001 |
| COPD | 64 (4.1) | 42 (2.7) | 58 (3.7) | 53 (3.4) | 60 (3.8) | 60 (3.8) | 61 (3.9) | 60 (3.8) | 92 (5.9) | 124 (7.9) | <0.0001 |
| Chronic liver disease | 152 (9.7) | 138 (8.8) | 139 (8.9) | 130 (8.3) | 113 (7.2) | 118 (7.5) | 147 (9.4) | 122 (7.8) | 146 (9.3) | 156 (10.0) | <0.0001 |
| Cancer | 71 (4.5) | 71 (4.5) | 87 (5.6) | 113 (7.2) | 98 (6.3) | 106 (6.8) | 117 (7.5) | 113 (7.2) | 121 (7.7) | 134 (8.6) | <0.0001 |
Values are mean±SD or median (IQR) for continuous variables, and number of cases (percentage) for categorical variables.
BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; DR, diabetic retinopathy; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; RAS, renin-angiotensin system; RIACE, Renal Insufficiency And Cardiovascular Events; Tx, treatment.