Baseline characteristics according to 30 min postload plasma glucose levels during an oral glucose tolerance test
| Risk factors | 30 mPG levels, mmol/L | P for trend | |||
| Q1 (≤7.5) (n=526) | Q2 (7.6–8.7) (n=562) | Q3 (8.8–9.8) (n=526) | Q4 (≥9.9) (n=548) | ||
| Age, years | 56.2 (0.4) | 59.7 (0.4) | 61.4 (0.4) | 62.4 (0.4) | <0.01 |
| Men, % | 23.2 | 41.3 | 48.3 | 54.7 | <0.01 |
| Family history of diabetes, % | 12.3 | 20.2 | 17.4 | 19.6 | <0.01 |
| Fasting plasma glucose, mmol/L | 92.7 (0.3) | 96.0 (0.3) | 99.6 (0.3) | 104.5 (0.3) | <0.01 |
| 2-hour postload plasma glucose, mmol/L | 107.9 (1.2) | 117.1 (1.1) | 125.9 (1.1) | 132.8 (1.1) | <0.01 |
| Hemoglobin A1c, % | 5.1 (0.02) | 5.2 (0.01) | 5.3 (0.01) | 5.5 (0.01) | <0.01 |
| Pre-diabetes, % | 10.4 | 18.6 | 34.7 | 54.4 | <0.01 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.00 (0.95 to 1.05) | 1.23 (1.18 to 1.29) | 1.34 (1.27 to 1.40) | 1.54 (1.47 to 1.61) | <0.01 |
| Insulinogenic index | 1.40 (1.31 to 1.50) | 0.74 (0.69 to 0.78) | 0.58 (0.55 to 0.62) | 0.41 (0.39 to 0.44) | <0.01 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 124.0 (0.8) | 127.5 (0.7) | 129.5 (0.7) | 133.9 (0.7) | <0.01 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 76.1 (0.5) | 78.3 (0.4) | 79.3 (0.4) | 81.9 (0.4) | <0.01 |
| Use of antihypertensive agents, % | 20.8 | 21.8 | 25.7 | 29.4 | <0.01 |
| Serum total cholesterol, mmol/L | 5.31 (0.04) | 5.47 (0.04) | 5.54 (0.04) | 5.50 (0.04) | <0.01 |
| Serum HDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.81 (0.02) | 1.76 (0.02) | 1.75 (0.02) | 1.74 (0.02) | 0.01 |
| Serum triglycerides, mmol/L | 1.06 (1.01 to 1.10) | 1.16 (1.11 to 1.21) | 1.20 (1.15 to 1.26) | 1.20 (1.15 to 1.26) | <0.01 |
| Use of lipid-modifying medication, % | 11.3 | 11.6 | 12.7 | 11.7 | 0.58 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 22.1 (0.1) | 23.9 (0.1) | 23.2 (0.1) | 23.4 (0.1) | <0.01 |
| Smoking habits, % | 21.1 | 20.2 | 18.1 | 22.7 | 0.27 |
| Alcohol intake, % | 54.4 | 56.5 | 49.4 | 48.5 | 0.01 |
| Regular exercise, % | 28.4 | 29.2 | 31.0 | 30.0 | 0.41 |
All values are presented as the age- and sex-adjusted mean (SE) or percentages, wherein linear regression was used for continuous variables and the direct method for binary variables. Trend tests were performed using a linear regression for continuous variables and a logistic regression for binary variables in the age- and sex-adjusted model.
Serum triglycerides, HOMA-IR, and insulinogenic index are shown as the age- and sex-adjusted geometric means (95%CIs) because their distributions were skewed.
HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; 30 mPG, 30 min postload plasma glucose.