Self-selected diet (n=32) | DSNS Bkfst/AS (n=24) | DSNS Bkfst/PBS (n=25) | Total (n=81) | |
Gender, % male | 56 | 58 | 64 | 59 |
Age (years) | 61±8 | 62±10 | 64±10 | 62±9 |
BMI | 30±4 | 32±4 | 33±4*§ | 32±4 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 41±4 | 42±4 | 43±4† | 42±4 |
Duration of diabetes (years) | 8±6 | 11±8 | 14±10* | 11±8 |
Measured A1C (%) | 7.9±0.8 | 7.8±0.7 | 7.8±0.7 | 7.8±0.7 |
Oral antihyperglycemic medications, number of doses/day | 2.2±0.9 | 2.7±1.1 | 2.5±1.0 | 2.4±1.0 |
Metformin (%) | 87 | 87 | 96 | 90 |
Thiazolidinones (%) | 6 | 4 | 0 | 4 |
Sulfonylurea (%) | 47 | 58 | 56 | 53 |
Ethnicity, % Hispanic | 12 | 21 | 4 | 12 |
Race (%) | ||||
White | 72 | 67 | 72 | 70 |
Black | 25 | 17 | 20 | 21 |
Asian | 3 | 12 | 0 | 5 |
American Indian | 0 | 4 | 0 | 1 |
Other | 0 | 0 | 8 | 2 |
Baseline differences between groups are as follows:
*Significantly different versus self-selected diet group, p<0.05.
†Different versus self-selected diet group, p>0.05 and p<0.2.
‡Different versus DSNS Bkfst/AS group, p>0.05 and p<0.2
Bkfst/AS, breakfast/afternoon snack; Bkfst/PBS, breakfast/prebed snack; BMI, body mass index; DSNS, diabetes-specific nutritional shake.