Absolute change from baseline to 12-month follow-up, mean difference and CIs of mean difference for anthropometric, laboratory and vascular outcomes of the intervention and control groups
| Variable | T1D intervention change | T1D control change | Mean difference | 95% CI | P value |
| N | 19 | 20 | |||
| Height (cm) | 1.8 (6.8) | 5.5 (6.3) | −3.66 | −7.592 to 0.273 | 0.067 |
| Weight (kg) | 4.9 (7.7) | 6.6 (8.1) | −1.18 | −6.206 to 3.838 | 0.635 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 1.2 (3.0) | 0.9 (2.4) | 0.55 | −1.179 to 2.289 | 0.520 |
| BMI z-score | 0.13 (0.73) | 0.12 (0.64) | 0.10 | −0.32 to 0.53 | 0.633 |
| Waist (cm) | 3.3 (10.7) | 2.6 (6.7) | 2.26 | −3.365 to 7.896 | 0.420 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.01 (0.13) | −0.01 (0.04) | 0.055 | −0.006 to 0.116 | 0.078 |
| Waist-to-height ratio | 0.01 (0.07) | 0.006 (0.04) | 0.025 | −0.010 to 0.059 | 0.156 |
| Lean body mass (kg) | 2.6 (5.8) | 5.4 (5.2) | −2.6 | −6.18 to 1.04 | 0.157 |
| Fat mass (kg) | 1.8 (3.2) | 1.6 (1.4) | 0.23 | −1.41 to 1.87 | 0.776 |
| Body fat (%) | 0.016 (0.025) | 0.013 (0.012) | 0 | −0.13 to 0.13 | 0.994 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | −3.5 (16.8) | 0.9 (18.8) | −1.1 | −10.8 to 8.5 | 0.817 |
| HbA1c (%) | −0.34 (1.51) | 0.07 (1.73) | −0.12 | −1.00 to 0.76 | 0.792 |
| 1,5-Anhydroglucitol (μg/mL) | 0.23 (1.50) | −0.37 (1.47) | 0.38 | −0.46 to 1.22 | 0.360 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | −0.04 (0.66) | −0.36 (0.87) | 0.12 | −0.38 to 0.62 | 0.635 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | −0.14 (0.23) | −0.31 (0.28) | 0.09 | −0.06 to 0.24 | 0.227 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 0.02 (0.60) | −0.25 (0.71) | 0.12 | 0.28 to 0.53 | 0.549 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 0.29 (0.90) | 0.33 (0.86) | −0.04 | −0.65 to 0.57 | 0.896 |
| hs-CRP (mg/L) | 0.47 (2.29) | 1.33 (2.34) | −0.85 | −2.41 to 0.71 | 0.273 |
| Systolic BP (mm Hg) | 1.7 (9.1) | −2.6 (12.3) | 3.76 | −2.433 to 9.963 | 0.226 |
| Systolic BP z-score | 0.003 (0.88) | −0.572 (1.25) | 0.495 | −0.099 to 1.09 | 0.100 |
| Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | −0.4 (5.6) | 0.2 (6.2) | 1.35 | −2.188 to 4.892 | 0.444 |
| Diastolic BP z-score | −0.100 | −0.136 | 0.203 | −0.117 to 0.523 | 0.207 |
| Pulse pressure | 2.1 (7.9) | −2.7 (12.0) | 2.34 | −3.368 to 8.058 | 0.411 |
| Carotid-femoral PWV (m/s) | 0.11 (1.00) | 0.32 (0.83) | 0.052 | −0.395 to 0.500 | 0.813 |
| Carotid-radial PWV (m/s) | 0.28 (1.66) | 0.44 (1.12) | 0.118 | −0.478 to 0.713 | 0.691 |
| Common carotid artery | |||||
| Intima-media thickness (mm) | −0.008 (0.044) | 0.008 (0.069) | 0.002 | −0.37 to 0.40 | 0.933 |
| Lumen diameter (mm) | 0.082 (0.386) | −0.123 (0.374) | 0.227 | −0.38 to 0.492 | 0.090 |
| Compliance (%/10 mm Hg) | 0.46 (0.61) | 0.44 (0.52) | −0.031 | −0.41 to 0.35 | 0.867 |
| Stiffness (no unit) | 0.48 (1.32) | 0.62 (0.82) | −0.069 | −0.79 to 0.65 | 0.846 |
| Radial artery | |||||
| Intima-media thickness (mm) | −0.011 (0.032) | 0.005 (0.020) | −0.013 | −0.033 to 0.006 | 0.158 |
| intima-media-adventitia thickness (mm) | −0.014 (0.038) | 0.009 (0.026) | −0.020 | −0.43 to 0.004 | 0.093 |
| Lumen diameter (mm) | 0.195 (0.384) | 0.069 (0.200) | 0.142 | −0.054 to 0.339 | 0.148 |
| Brachial artery | |||||
| Intima-media thickness (mm) | −0.008 (0.027) | −0.001 (0.023) | −0.002 | −0.018 to 0.014 | 0.815 |
| intima-media-adventitia thickness (mm) | −0.014 (0.037) | 0.008 (0.044) | −0.014 | −0.035 to 0.006 | 0.159 |
| Lumen diameter (mm) | 0.170 (0.272) | −0.037 (0.437) | 0.207 | −0.071 to 0.485 | 0.137 |
| Femoral artery | |||||
| Intima-media thickness (mm) | 0.031 (0.082) | 0.015 (0.038) | 0.012 | −0.035 to 0.059 | 0.590 |
| Intima-media-adventitia thickness (mm) | 0.054 (0.159) | 0.038 (0.067) | 0.004 | −0.073 to 0.082 | 0.905 |
| Lumen diameter (mm) | 0.207 (0.263) | −0.128 (0.845) | 0.330 | −0.275 to 0.935 | 0.267 |
Mean differences between intervention and control group at follow-up based on univariate analysis of covariance (GLM) models are adjusted for baseline values. No statistically significant effect of intervention on anthropometrics, body composition or cardiovascular parameters was found.
BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; GLM, General Linear Model; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C reactive protein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; PWV, pulse wave velocity; T1D, type 1 diabetes.