Table 1

Clinical and biochemical characteristics of the various subgroups of type 2 diabetes

Cluster 1 (SIDD)Cluster 2 (IROD)Cluster 3 (CIRDD)Cluster 4 (MARD)
n5009493423136828
Frequency, %26.225.912.135.8
Men, %65.859.873.758.6
Age at diagnosis, years42.5 (10.8)46.5 (10.4)42.1 (9.8)50.2 (10.3)
BMI, kg/m224.9 (3.5)32.6 (4.1)26.5 (3.1)25.9 (2.9)
Waist circumference, cm90 (8.8)108 (8.9)94.9 (8.1)92.4 (7.4)
Glycated hemoglobin, %10.7 (2.1)8.3 (1.8)9.1 (1.9)7.2 (1.2)
Glycated hemoglobin, mmol/mol93.067.076.055.0
Serum triglycerides, mg/dL149 (59)155 (59)351 (102)136 (50)
HDL cholesterol, mg/dL40 (9)38 (8)36 (8)42 (9)
C peptide fasting, pmol/mL0.8 (0.3)1.5 (0.4)1.2 (0.4)1.1 (0.3)
C peptide stimulated, pmol/mL1.7 (0.6)3.3 (0.8)2.6 (0.8)3 (0.7)
HOMA-B38.8 (26.9)100.8 (51.5)64.5 (37.7)94.1 (43.1)
HOMA-IR2.8 (1.6)4.1 (1.5)3.8 (1.9)2.6 (0.8)
WHR0.93 (0.06)0.97 (0.08)0.96 (0.06)0.94 (0.07)
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg123 (16)128 (16)127 (17)127 (17)
Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg79 (9)82 (9)81 (10)79 (9)
Serum cholesterol, mg/dL188 (43)176 (40)206 (44)177 (41)
LDL cholesterol, mg/dL118 (37)107 (35)106 (38)108 (35)
Insulin at registration, %24.910.615.05.3
Metformin at registration, %38.471.350.963.4
Sulfonylureas at registration, %32.844.138.039.7
Statin at registration, %30.237.837.337.8
ACE inhibitor at registration, %2.43.52.93.4
  • Variables in bold are those used for clustering.

  • ACE, angiotensin converting enzyme; BMI, body mass index; CIRDD, Combined Insulin Resistant and Deficient Diabetes; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-B, homeostasis model assessment of beta-cell function; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistence; IROD, Insulin Resistant Obese Diabetes; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; MARD, Mild Age-Related Diabetes; SIDD, Severe Insulin Deficient Diabetes; WHR, waist hip ratio.