Demographic and clinical characteristics
| Type 1 diabetes (n=84) | Controls (n=55) | P value | |
| Male, n (%) | 45 (54%) | 33 (60%) | 0.49 |
| Age, years | |||
| Median (range) | 13.0 (6.5 to 17.9) | 11.5 (6.1 to 17.5) | 0.01 |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | 0.32 | ||
| Caucasian | 80 (95%) | 51 (91%) | |
| Middle East | 4 (5%) | 5 (9%) | |
| Height, Z-score | |||
| Median (range) | |||
| All | 0.44 (−2.22 to 3.45) | 0.25 (−1.75 to 2.23) | 0.87 |
| Boys | 0.46 (−1.35 to 3.45) | 0.11 (−1.39 to 1.94) | 0.09 |
| Girls | −0.06 (−2.22 to 2.15) | 0.55 (−1.75 to 2.23) | 0.15 |
| Weight, Z-score | |||
| Median (range) | |||
| All | 0.61 (−1.28 to 3.11) | 0.59 (−2.76 to 2.77) | 0.06 |
| Boys | 0.67 (−1.28 to 3.11) | 0.53 (−2.76 to 2.77) | 0.13 |
| Girls | 0.44 (−0.91 to 2.88) | 0.62 (−1.23 to 2.04) | 0.67 |
| BMI, Z-score | |||
| Median (range) | |||
| All | 0.63 (−1.73 to 3.12) | 0.34 (−3.31 to 2.53) | 0.07 |
| Boys | 0.67 (−1.73 to 3.12) | 0.34 (−3.31 to 2.53) | 0.11 |
| Girls | 0.55 (−0.94 to 2.63) | 0.41 (−1.70 to 2.35) | 0.13 |
| Fracture prevalence, n | 18 | 16 | 0.21 |
| Calcium supplements, n (%) | 3 (3%) | 2 (4%) | 1.0 |
| Vitamin D supplements, n (%) | 6 (5%) | 2 (4%) | 0.4 |
| Multivitamin supplements, n (%) | 16 (12%) | 3 (8%) | 0.02 |
| Boys | 7 (15%) | 2 (6%) | 0.21 |
| Girls | 9 (23%) | 1 (5%) | 0.06 |
| Dietary milk (yes) | 80 (94%) | 56 (100%) | 0.16 |
| >2 glasses/day | 33 (41%) | 19 (33%) | 0.32 |
| Use of asthma medication | 6 (7%) | 4 (7%) | 0.61 |
Statistical significance (p<0.05) is highlighted in bold.
BMI, body mass index.