Descriptive statistics and results of hierarchical mixed linear models in characteristics of healthy and IR men
| Healthy men | IR men | Baseline | Time | Time* IR | |||
| Pre | Post | Pre | Post | P value | |||
| n | 28 | 26 | 16 | 13 | – | – | – |
| Age (years) | 48 | – | 49 | – | – | – | – |
| Body mass (kg) | 83.6 (79.6 to 87.6) | 83.3 (79.3 to 87.3) | 96.3 (91.0 to 101.7) | 96.1 (90.8 to 101.5) | <0.001 | 0.22 | 0.78 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.1 (25.1 to 27.1) | 26.0 (25.0 to 27.0) | 30.4 (29.1 to 31.8) | 30.4 (29.0 to 31.8) | <0.001 | 0.18 | 0.69 |
| Whole-body fat (%)* | 22.1 (20.5 to 23.9) | 21.1 (19.5 to 22.7) | 28.4 (25.6 to 31.5) | 27.6 (24.9 to 30.7) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.30 |
| Abdominal SAT (kg) | 4.1 (3.5 to 4.7) | 4.0 (3.4 to 4.6) | 6.1 (5.18 to 7.18) | 6.0 (5.1 to 7.1) | <0.001 | 0.04 | 0.84 |
| Visceral fat (kg)† | 2.5 (2.0 to 3.2) | 2.4 (1.9 to 3.08) | 4.3 (5.4 to 3.4) | 4.1 (3.1 to 5.1) | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.48 |
| Cholesterol (mmol/L)* | 4.92 (4.57 to 5.29) | 4.40 (4.08 to 4.74) | 4.71 (4.27 to 5.19) | 4.31 (3.90 to 4.77) | 0.44 | <0.001 | 0.52 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)* | 1.37 (1.25 to 1.50) | 1.27 (1.15 to 1.39) | 1.20 (1.06 to 1.35) | 1.09 (0.96 to 1.23) | 0.08 | <0.001 | 0.66 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.14 (2.85 to 3.43) | 2.78 (2.48 to 3.08) | 2.73 (2.34 to 3.12) | 2.58 (2.18 to 2.98) | 0.09 | <0.001 | 0.16 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L)* | 0.94 (0.81 to 1.11) | 0.83 (0.70 to 0.98) | 1.70 (1.38 to 2.10) | 1.50 (1.19 to 1.90) | <0.001 | 0.08 | 0.96 |
| f-FFA | 0.70 (0.62 to 0.77) | 0.62 (0.54 to 0.69) | 0.69 (0.60 to 0.78) | 0.68 (0.59 to 0.78) | 0.86 | 0.04 | 0.11 |
| HbA1c (mmol/L) | 36.93 (35.19 to 38.66) | 34.72 (32.94 to 36.50) | 39.64 (37.33 to 41.96) | 37.65 (35.27 to 40.02) | 0.07 | <0.001 | 0.81 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.5 (5.4 to 5.7) | 5.3 (5.2 to 5.5) | 5.8 (5.6 to 6.0) | 5.6 (5.5 to 5.8) | 0.07 | 0.001 | 0.8 |
| f-glucose (mmol/L)* | 5.44 (5.25 to 5.64) | 5.74 (5.52 to 5.96) | 7.20 (6.86 to 7.56) | 7.16 (6.80 to 7.55) | <0.001 | 0.15 | 0.80 |
| f-insulin (mmol/L)* | 4.70 (3.75 to 5.90) | 5.85 (4.61 to 7.43) | 14.49 (10.72 to 19.57) | 13.58 (9.87 to 18.68) | 0.001 | 0.37 | 0.10 |
| M-value (µmol/kg/min) | 32.2 (26.6 to 39.0) | 35.5 (29.2 to 43.2) | 14.8 (11.4 to 19.2) | 19.2 (14.7 to 25.19) | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.1 |
| VO2peak (mL/kg/min) | 34.2 (32.7 to 35.7) | 35.7 (34.2 to 35.7) | 29.4 (27.3 to 31.5) | 30.0 (27.9 to 32.1) | <0.001 | 0.003 | 0.14 |
The p-value for “baseline” describes the baseline differences between the healthy (n=28) and IR (n=16) groups. “Time” shows all healthy and IR men after training. “Time*IR” demonstrates whether there is an interaction between the pre–post change and health status. All the data are presented as model-based means (95% CI). The values are model-based means and CIs translated into the original unit.
Bold values are statistically significant.
*Logarithmic transformation has been done to the variables to achieve the normal distribution.
†Square transformation to the variables to achieve the normal distribution.
BMI, body mass index; f-FFA, fasting free fatty acid; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; IR, insulin resistance; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; M-value, whole-body insulin sensitivity; SAT, subcutaneous adipose tissue; VO2peak, maximal aerobic capacity.